The Colonization Of Stevens Essays - Literature,

The Colonization Of Stevens The Colonization of Stevens In the year 1954, two years before the setting of Ishiguros The Remains of the Day, the Suez channel was returned by and by to the administration of Egypt putting an unexpected end to the English government and expansionism that had reached out all through hundreds of years. The Remains of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro fills in as an arrogance for the dismissal of the British Empire by its colonized subjects. Much like the storyteller of the novel, Stevens, embodies the line of the British Empire, his acknowledgment of the broad value his pride has cost him represents the pilgrim subjects acknowledgment that their opportunity was purchased at a cost also. By surrendering to his pride, Stevens, the incomparable English steward likewise loses a lot of his self-rule, as did the provinces of the Empire. The subjects of these provinces were persuaded that their voices were heard and esteemed, as in a majority rule government, however once gained the English Parliament gave little consideration to the residents other than as intends to a benefit. Similarly as the settlements understood the degree of their reliance on the British Empire, Stevens also understands the effect of putting his entire presence into the misinformed hands of Lord Darlington. Stevens at last concedes the silliness of his commitment to Darlington, a dedication that cost him quite a bit of his life. Master Darlington wasnt a terrible man. He wasnt an awful man by any means. What's more, in any event he had the priviledge of having the option to state toward an incredible finish that he committed his own errors. His lordship was a gutsy man. He picked a specific way throughout everyday life, it end up being a confused one, however there, he picked it, he can say that in any event. With respect to myself, I can't guarantee that. I trusted. I confided in his lordships insight. Every one of those years I served him, I believed I was accomplishing something advantageous. I cannot state I committed my own errors. Extremely one needs to ask oneself-what pride is there in that? (p. 201) Stevens had confidence at long last that he had made his life a loss by setting it in the possession of his social betters. He was immersed in an arrangement of chain of command that, at long last, disregarded him totally. He doesn't characterize himself beyond his subordinate situation of Lord Darlington and, similarly as the domains of the British Empire, he winds up colonized and incapable to change. The pecking order, which brings respect, is exactly the same framework that takes self-sufficiency from its subjects. English Essays

War and Silence in Bangladesh Bina D Costa

Question: Compose an exposition on War and Silence in Bangladesh? Answer: Presentation: The conversation features the excursion of Bina DCosta, where she investigates into the profundity about country building process, Political elements which were legitimately identified with the issues of war kind and sexuality and sex and minority bunch underestimating. DCosta here clarifies how the association of the state influenced the sexual orientation personality development. It likewise clarified how intensely taking care of ladies and their sexuality has been a principle issue to the task of country building. Bina DCosta has applied a noteworthy women's activist idea for the two principle clashes in which one was about the parcel of the subcontinent of India around August, 1947 and the war for progression in Bangladesh during 1971. The examination additionally offers suggestion for recognized authentic bad form and wrongdoing during war, concerning present day Bangladesh. The minimal Identity: As indicated by recorded proof, the principal segment brought about gore and around 300,000 Bengali female turned into the objective of the military of Pakistan. They thought the consistent assaulting of ladies would be a piece of ethnic purging. Bina DCosta laid a down to earth system which for the most part featured the uncertain theoretical issues. The examination work of DCosta exhibited that numerous ladies who had been grilled in this setting were progressively agreeable to return to female specialists from outside areas. During the examination she experienced a major test which was identified with women's activist talk to hands on work. Regarding Birangona DCosta clarified that the individuals who were not consenting to be met were suspended from bringing water in their close by common tubewell. A birangona is somebody who is a survivor and has the ability to control her own predetermination in setting to her constraints. Where most speculations and research about females were not spoken to in the investigations there the genuine frequencies were not in any manner shared that occurred during wars in South Asia. DCosta expressed in her approach that what she caught isn't really reality, not just that in her procedure she likewise expressed that fluctuating ladies has various thoughts regarding whom to think about casualty and whom to consider as a survivor. In excess of a reasonable picture the examination centered the relevancy and the absence of appropriate participation of ladies at that point in what manner can the exploration arrive at a legitimate resolution. DCosta study was increasingly about constrained ladies who meant to stifle their accounts from the analysts. End: The sole reason for assaulting those ladies was delivering the unadulterated types of Muslims who might convey posterity of faithful Pakistani and not the Indian or Hindu supporters. As indicated by the investigation the vital utilization of assaulting ladies had a goal to make Genocide. This impelled war among west and East Pakistan during 1971. So far there were no hint of definite research on the utilization of constrained impregnation and assault. The exploration didn't follow a curious nature of discovering the subtleties, however it regarded ladies who didn't wish to share about the subject. This was more information based and this information is increasingly about supposition and not the genuine effect.

How to Turn Around a Bad Day

How to Turn Around a Bad Day Stress Management Situational Stress Print How to Turn Around a Bad Day By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on June 24, 2019 What starts as a bad day can be turned around with a shift in perspective, or even some wisely-used chocolate. Tom Merton/Getty Images More in Stress Management Situational Stress Effects on Health Management Techniques Job Stress Household Stress Relationship Stress Did you wake up on the wrong side of the bed? Is it going to be one of those days? Did mama tell you thered be days like this? Weve all had bad days. And oftentimes, a day that starts out bad just keeps getting worse, snowballing into a really bad day. This is a common experienceâ€"the long days journey into stress and frustration; weve all been there. But why? Why does a bad morning so often lead to an entire day gone bad? There are actually several reasons for this. Sometimes theres a domino effect with negative events, where one bad thing leads to another. (Example: You sleep through the alarm, so youre stressed while you sit in the bad traffic that makes you late to work, which puts you in the doghouse with your boss, who feels entitled to pile on more work, etc.) Its also common, though, that a few negative events early on can put us in a negative frame of mind where we create more stress for ourselves. We may snap at people, causing them to be a little ruder and a little less understanding with us. We may notice more of the negative events and fewer positive events that happen to us.  A triggered stress response (that doesnt resolve with a relaxation response) can throw off an entire day. We may miss opportunities for positive experiences because were busy ruminating about whats happened already in the day. So what can be done to keep one of those days from continuing on as one of those days? Here are some ideas that have worked for me: Talk to a Good FriendHere, the emphasis is on good. Trying to find support from someone with poor listening skills or who really dont want to support you can make you feel worse, as can someone who will engage in co-rumination instead of trying to help you pull out of things. (The best balance is someone who will listen to your feelings, empathize, and then help you look at things you may be missing or help you get into a new frame of mind in another way. Sometimes even the listening and empathizing can help you pull out of things on your own.)Take a Mini-Meditation BreakMeditation can be a great tool for helping people get into a different frame of mind. Even a 5- or 10-minute meditation can give you a needed break from whats stressing you and help you come back with a new perspective and a fresh start. It can also turn off your stress response youre physiologically back to normal.Count Your BlessingsGratitude has some wonderful benefits for stress management and well-being. Its als o hard to focus on how bad things are when youre focusing on how good things are! Counting off 10 or more things youre grateful for, or really dwelling on 2 or 3, can get you into a whole different place, and turn a bad day around!Work It OutI love to work things out with a good workoutâ€"the burst of endorphins and the ability to blow off steam can take the negative energy out of my day, even if the workout is only for a few minutes. And getting more fit is a good thing, too!  ChocolateYes, this is a contradiction to the last entry, it may seem, but one small piece of very good chocolate, savored with a cup of green tea and a quiet break from stress, can help me feel a little pampered and do wonders for my mood if all else fails. (Its not for everyone, but, in moderation, this works well for me, so I had to include it!  Accept the Challenge!One piece of perspective that can make an enormous difference in your experience of stressors is your locus of controlâ€"whether or not you vie w your situation as a threat or as a challenge. It may seem clear-cut which youre experiencing, but a mild shift in how you view things can actually help you go from feeling trapped and overwhelmed to feeling invigorated and vital. And the best thing about this one is that you can try it under virtually all circumstances, quickly, and with no additional outside-of-yourself resources needed!   Today, it was the talk with the good friend that helped me pull out if it. (That and just focusing on getting work done.) Other days, other things work well. What helps you shake the negative energy of an until-now bad day?

What Effect Does Deforestation Have On The World

What effect does deforestation have on the world? Many people believe that deforestation has a negative impact on the world because it stops carbon dioxide in take (how trees take carbon dioxide from air to purify the oxygen), causes soil erosion and destroys habitats for many species, however many do not as it supplies jobs for thousands of people, it helps environments in particular places and frees land for grazing animals and houses. Firstly, it allows thousands of people to have jobs to earn a living and consequently allowing them to feed their families and themselves; if they can’t find another job than this provides a life line for many people. Examples of these jobs include wood cutters, people who process the plants themselves like making the sap into glue, also after the deforestation has happened there are several jobs left to do including the clean-up. If deforestation was to stop, then not only would thousands of people lose the ir jobs, but the economy would also crash as employment would go up and there would be no immediate solution to the problem. This indicates that not having deforestation would destroy part of our society, which would result in a great loss to the human race and to all those people who would lose their jobs. On the other hand, deforestation may be giving thousands of jobs but these people do not know how to operate the forests to their full potential. For example the Amazon, once in pristine condition, is now damaged by many operationsShow MoreRelatedDeforestation as a Global Issue Essay1448 Words   |  6 Pagesproblem. I have been asked to write an assignment on the effects and causes of the deforestation-taking place in the Amazon rainforest. During this assignment I shall investigate the following topics:  · Why has deforestation taken place in the Amazon rainforest?  · Can the government of Brazilsolve this major  · Before and after destruction issue?  · What are the developments in the rainforest?  · What are the negative consequences of deforestation?  · IdentifyRead MoreWorld At Risk Assessment : Describe Aspects Of A Geographic Issue Essay1453 Words   |  6 PagesWORLD AT RISK ASSESSMENT Describe aspects of a geographic issue ASSESSMENT TEMPLATE – COMPLETE YOUR ASSESSMENT UNDER EACH HEADING: STUDENT NAME: Connor Nichols PART ONE – Describe the nature of the geographic issue Describe the issue: what it is, where it is happening, why it is happening, who it involves, how it effects people and the environment. You must include a map showing the location of the issue (you may find one on the internet or construct it yourself). You may include any other visualsRead More Three Solutions to Deforestation Essay1077 Words   |  5 PagesThree Solutions to Deforestation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If a tree falls in the woods and no ones there to hear it, does it make a sound? Or rather, if a tree falls in the woods and no ones there to hear it, does anybody even care? This saying epitomizes the worlds current view on deforestation, most notably in the Brazilian Amazon, which is known as The Lungs of the Earth. Deforestation is defined as the long-term or permanent removal of forest cover, usually accompanied by burning, which is then convertedRead MoreDeforestation : A Global Problem1624 Words   |  7 PagesInto? Deforestation around the world is a big issue and needs to be stopped. Deforestation is clearing the earth’s forest in order to make room for things like buildings roads and other man made structures. I chose to investigate more into the topic of deforestation as there is a constant need for more money and land, as it is destroying and causing huge amounts of damage. Throughout my argument I will be answering questions such as, what is deforestation, what are the pros and cons and what are theRead MoreCause And Effect Of Deforestation1259 Words   |  6 Pages2 28 October 2015 Cause and Effect of Deforestation Deforestation is a problem that does not concern many people, but it is an issue that the people of Earth need to deal with. In the past 50 years deforestation has increased a significant amount, but people around the world have been removing the forests since the 1600s. The forests remaining are in danger as the human population goes up, the need for resources will also increase and this will make the deforestation of the last forests come quickerRead More Deforestation and the Elimination of Natural Habitats Essay1741 Words   |  7 Pagesand loss of the natural habitats and forests that prevent these catastrophes. Anti-deforestation activists struggle for the protection of animals? natural habitats and forests, arguing that their loss is irreparable and the Earth will become unable to sustain a sufficient balance. In turn, this endangers the human race. In defense of deforestation, logging companies and other companies that profit from deforestation argue that they replant that which is lost at a rate faster than they are cuttingRead MoreEffects Of Deforestation On The Environment1389 Words   |  6 PagesDeforestation is one of the many problems this world faces today. Many people are unaware of how harmful deforestation can be towards the environment and the animals that inhabit the area. Many people don’t even know what deforestation is and that it’s actually happening. To sum it all up, deforestation is the process of destroying forests by cutting them down or burning the trees down, destroying hundreds of acres in order to make more land available for other uses thinking that the benefits outweighRead MoreThe Harsh Reality Of Deforestation1354 Words   |  6 PagesThe Harsh Reality of Deforestation If you ask a random individual to describe a landscape to you, any landscape that they can imagine from anywhere in the world, the odds are that they will mention an environment with trees. This is almost inevitable as every type of biome harbors some kind of tree, except for one: the arctic. Through new forms of science, researchers were even able to calculate just how many trees were on the earth. According to this recent study â€Å"the answer is somewhere aroundRead MoreDeforestation And Its Effects On The Environment1616 Words   |  7 PagesBackground Webster dictionary defines deforestation as the action or process of clearing of forests. It occurs when humans desire to make use of land covered by forest for other purposes. This clearing of tree is concerning due to the fact that trees are being cut down at a rate much greater then they can grow back. This is called overshot, and can have a devastating impact on the environment. There is an estimated loss of 18 million acres of forest each year. That is roughly equivalent to the sizeRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Deforestation795 Words   |  4 PagesHuman population increase has many effects on the world around us. Deforestation is a big concern. Why is it needed? Are there other ways to build around us without cutting down a major source of our air? Is there another way to build without destroying our species habitats? Waste is just that, waste. We know and understand that something so small can eventually lead to a world of chaos. Stephen Emmott, the author of Ten Billion, states in his book, â€Å"that if population levels

A financial study of GOLDPLAT PLC - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1841 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? About the company Goldplat plc is an AIM-listed gold producer with operations across Africa. It aims to become a highly profitable mid-tier gold mining company, leveraged through revenue generated from its highly profitable gold recovery businesses. Goldplat is a profitable and highly cash generative gold producer focused in Africa with three primary assets: Goldplat Recovery (Pty) Limited SA South African gold recovery plant Gold Recovery Ghana Limited Ghanaian gold recovery plant Kilimapesa Gold Limited mining project in Kenya Goldplats two gold recovery businesses based in South Africa and Ghana fulfil an important aspect of a mines environmental management programme, by safely disposing mining by-products. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A financial study of GOLDPLAT PLC" essay for you Create order The Company is the market leader in the recovery of precious metals in Africa and has secured a strong blue-chip client base consisting of many majors including Anglogold Ashanti, Goldfields and Harmony. The Company is also developing the Kilimapesa Gold mining project, located in the historically producing Migori Archaean Greenstone Belt in western Kenya. Kilimapesa Gold commenced operations in January 2009 and gold sales are expected in Q3 2009. An aggressive exploration and development programme has been implemented to define a JORC compliant resource at the project. Additionally Goldplat is evaluating various gold recovery operations in Tanzania and Zambia and has formed a joint venture with Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) partners to take advantage of mining opportunities in South Africa. Products and Operation Goldplat is a profitable and highly cash generative gold producer focused in Africa with three primary assets: Goldplat Recovery (Pty) Limited SA South African gold recovery plant Gold Recovery Ghana Limited Ghanaian gold recovery plant Kilimapesa Gold Limited mining project in Kenya Goldplats two gold recovery businesses based in South Africa and Ghana fulfil an important aspect of a mines environmental management programme, by safely disposing mining by-products. The Company is the market leader in the recovery of precious metals in Africa and has secured a strong blue-chip client base consisting of many majors including Anglogold Ashanti, Goldfields and Harmony. The Company is also developing the Kilimapesa Gold mining project, located in the historically producing Migori Archaean Greenstone Belt in western Kenya. Kilimapesa Gold commenced operations in January 2009 and gold sales are expected in Q3 2009. An aggressive exploration and development programme has been implemented to define a JORC compliant resource at the project. Additionally Goldplat is evaluating various gold recovery operations in Tanzania and Zambia and has formed a joint venture with Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) partners to take advantage of mining opportunities in South Africa. South Africa and Ghana The companys South African arm as well as the subsidiary in Ghana specialises in extraction of precious metals.Their are mainly two business segments,Processing and mining segment, which produces metals and Management segment, which includes companies that mange the producers. Kenya Goldplat is in joint venture with Kilimapesa Gold Ltd Lologerien project in Kenya the principle activity of which is production of Gold. A list of Customers of Goldplat Plc worldwide:-Names provided below of all mining companies that deals with Goldplat Plc.The company mainly issues letter of acceptance and /or through contract Anglogold Ashanti Goldfields Harmony Impala Platinum Lonmin Platinum Hartebeesfontein Buffelsfontein Blyvooruitzchict Driefontein Durban Roodepoort Deep Mogale Gold Avgold Kloof Background and Expertise of Management Board members are very experience and have many years of experience in diverse fields. Includes accountants,engineers,financial advisors etc.They bring loads of experience and helps in bettering the performance of Goldplat. Business risk and uncertainty Every business in the world is exposed to risks,so does Goldplat.The risks are discussed below Volatility in price of Gold Gold prices are highly volatile in nature.The main reason is the demand and supply.Such volatility of price effects the turn over of the business.Gold is traded in the market and hence the nature of the price is never stable.. Variation in forex market The company is listed in Uk and its work operandi is in Africa.Every day it has to face the variation in regard to Rand and GBP.No other day the rate are same .So the company is subjected to the daily fluctuations of the international forex market. The Current Economic Condition The present financial condition is extremely serious.Banks are not forthcoming in providing credit to the companies.Expansion and other business decisions are hampered. Improper Maintanance of Accounts The financial figures quoted in the balancesheet may be false and misleading.We have seen companies like Enron going bust because of incorrect and false reporting of figures and suppression of facts. Interest rate risk The Group generally adopts a policy of ensuring that its exposure to changes in interest rates is on a floating rate basis . Credit risk Management has a credit policy in place and the exposure to credit risk is monitored on an ongoing basis. The Group primarily deals with reputable mining houses and is unlikely to suffer any losses from this risk. The maximum exposure to credit risk is represented by the carrying amount of each financial asset in the balance sheet. Liquidity risk The Group reviews its facilities regularly to ensure that it has adequate funds for operations and expansion plans. Capital risk management The Group manages its capital to ensure that it will be able to continue as a going concern while maximising the return to shareholders. Fair values The fair values of financial instruments, such as, interest-bearing loans and borrowings, finance lease liabilities, trade and other receivables/payables are substantially identical to carrying amounts reflected in the balance sheet Competitors analysis The following competitors of Goldplat plc are based in the United Kingdom and figures quoted as on June 2008. The current and quick ratios are significant parameters in understanding the financial health of the company.The current ratio and the liquid ratio are both at 3.2 respectively which is equal to the industry standard.Thus making it less risky and good company to invest in.The company is one of the few who has earned profit in the year 2009 so cost has been taken care off.The below chart depicts that the Goldplat has been able to beat the competition and the industry Record pre-tax profits of  £2.4 million for the year ended 30 June 2009 (2008:  £1.6 million) . Healthy cash position with  £2.2 million in the bank (2008:  £1.5 million).The company has been able to earn profit in such time of un precedented economic crisis speaks volume about the management.The company has been able to beat the market in generating profit and operating profit.They have been do ing this for last 3 years now and good indicator of a rising company The return on equity has been very steady for last 3 years.The below graph shows and constant uprising in the area. Even in ROI it is the clear market leader.Below I have shown the individual performance of ROA and on ROI of Goldplat Plc in last 3 years.The graph is s rising graph and speaks volumes about the management Return on Assets The management has been doing a good job in this parameter.The company has been able to earn sufficient return from its asset.The companys ROA has been up by more than 2percent since 2007 .Thus the management is able to maximise shareholders return From the above analysis through charts and figures it has been established that Goldplat is a growing concern and a profit manking.Per employee revenue is above industry standard and the management has done a commendable job in garnering motivation among its employees.The company has made an increase of sales in real terms ove r its earlier year by over 44%.While it has increased its sales it has also developed its asset base .Very focussed management.The sales figure has gone up to GBP 11,149 which has pushed the total revenue for the firm. The cost of sales has grown significantly to GBP 8225 which could be controlled and brought down to maximise profit.With an increase in sales the gross profit has shown an up ward movement. Hence the gross profit margin is at 26.2%. The net profit has also grown to 16.8 %.There has been a 22% rise in the capital employed figure too.In 2009 the PBIT has seen a sharp rise to 1,824 million.Credit given and credit taken are almost same of 64 days owing to high sales and high cost of good sold. Stock turn over has sen a decline from the last years .The current ratio and the quick ratio are both at industry standard and betterd this year over last year 3) Share price performance Record pre-tax profits of  £2.4 million for the year ended 30 June 2009 (2008:  £1.6 million) . Healthy cash position with  £2.2 million in the bank (2008:  £1.5 million) ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ South African and Ghanaian gold recovery plants performing strongly production totalled 21,068 oz of gold (2008: 19,322 oz) ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Stocks of materials for processing in South Africa and Ghana continued to increase securing future production 88,000 oz of contained gold in stockpiles ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Finalising agreement to acquire remaining 50% of Kilimapesa Gold (Pty) Limited in Kenya from International Gold Exploration AB for US$2.7 million ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Developing Kilimapesa Hill gold mining project with a view to establishing a formal mining operation working towards a JORC compliant resource to clarify its economic potential.Thus It has been observed that the share price continues to grow and out perform its competitors.The earning per share has been growing steadily.So a very good option to invest keeping others things in mind. Corporate Governance The Directors recognise the importance of sound corporate governance commensurate with the size of the Company and the interests of the shareholders. As the Company grows, the Directors intend that it should develop policies and procedures which reflect the Principles of Good Governance and Code of Best Practice as published by the Committee on Corporate Governance (commonly known as the Combined Code). So far as is practicable, taking into account the size and nature of the Company, the Directors will take steps to comply with the Combined Code. Conclusion Goldplat Plcs revenue increased toGBP 111,149 during the months ended 30 June 2009.Increase in demand of the companys products and services has led to an increase in the revenue ,resulting in higher gross margin and finance income. As a result of which comp anies share price jumped significantly.Not only revenue but the gross profit,operating profit,profit before tax as well as profit has all seen a upward swing. Current market situation The Gold price has recently risen over $ 900( £600).The current economic downturn has significantly increased the demand of gold as investors perceive it as the best alternative investment .However ,the improvement in the equity market and strengthening of US dollar may negatively impact the gold prices. Silver price hit a record high of $21/ ounce in March 2009 but later plunged almost 60%.But in the first quarter of 2009 it increased again by 24% .Silver also performed fairy well during the crises period. Usage of silver among industries is 54% and the demand is expected to grow further. However, Silver has a very volatile market compared to gold.The company is a good option for investment Source: https://www.commodityonline.com/news/Silver-is-misunderstood-Silver-price-can-go-to-$25-17329-1-1.html

Business leadership Skills that Take to be a Good Leader Free Essays

string(56) " will contribute to having a quality result in the end\." People often refer to leadership as a skill that a certain person has.   It is a kind of skill in which a particular person can make other people follow him without skepticism.   However, if leadership is â€Å"properly† defined, it is a process of accomplishing things through a person who influences people to work and deliver what it is that is to be delivered. We will write a custom essay sample on Business leadership: Skills that Take to be a Good Leader or any similar topic only for you Order Now    In addition, since not all goals that are set will be successful, leadership is an adventure.   In reaching goals, the person leading must think of various ways to accomplish all the things that they want to accomplish for there are times that they will fail due to an erroneous decision, or an error on the method or approach that they used.   When they fail, they are back to the starting point and will work on again by analyzing what went wrong and by formulating a new plan minus all the points that caused their failure on their first trial. Nowadays, people should be fully aware of the definition of leadership since this is particularly crucial and very prominent in every setting – from school, workplace, government, among others.   However, there are still people who are not familiar about what leadership really is; as said before, it is regarded as a skill that one possess that is why a particular person can make other people follow him of her. Moreover, it is assumed to be a quality or characteristic of a person.   Only a lesser portion of the population knows that leadership is a process that requires several skills and specific qualities from a certain person in order for him to be able to influence the people who works under him towards the achievement of a goal. Anyone can become a leader just as long as they develop the skills that are needed; moreover, anyone can lead even though they are not the president of the country, a coach of the team or a captain of a ship.   In other words, anyone can be a leader when the situation calls for him or her to lead others.   You do not need any badge or a prestigious office in order to be a leader.   However, if you are a leader you are not similar to a boss in every sense.   Bosses are usually known to be the people who always boss others and push people around. In contrast, if you are a good leader, you are not doing these things to the people under you.   Then again, a leader and boss may be synonymous if the latter does things by influencing empowered and effectual people. Leadership can take place anywhere and one particular venue is in the business sector.   In order for a certain business to work and succeed, there should be a number of people who will exert effort and do all the needed actions and tasks.   However, these people will not be able to work in a proper manner without someone who will lead them; otherwise, each would just do everything in his own way.   Business leaders or owner leaders should lead them on the right track on the way to success; he should provide everything that his team or employees will need, and also offer responsibility. The leader’s view of his employees will affect the decisions to be made throughout the process of accomplishing the goals, they should be aware of the responsibilities that they need to fulfill – the kind of responsibilities that employees are expecting to be fulfilled by their leader. A leader in a business establishment, like any other leader, has to deal with two things: the job at hand and the group he should lead.   These two aspects are essential in the process of leading a business entity; if there is a group but there is no job, a leader is not needed. The case is the same if there is a job but there is no group to carry it out.   The leader can also only tell if he led in a right way if they got the job done and, at the same time, the group is still held together.   If the job was done but the group was dissolved, the accomplishment and success are both useless because the leader who took charge of the job was not a good leader.   Any person who wants to be a good leader should know that getting the job done is not the only thing that matters. When it comes in being an effective leader in the business sector, one should have the important leadership skills, namely: honesty and integrity, competence and credibility, forward looking and visionary, inspiring and motivating, and good communication skills.   These five sets of skills are very significant in succeeding in any organization, wether the team is within the business arena or not. Honesty – meaning to be true and trustworthy – and integrity – which connotes acting in a just and honorable manner – are very essential skills in being a leader.   Your team should be able to trust you because without trust nothing will be accomplished.   Trust is the key to any effective employer-employee relationship.   In addition, all your actions must be logical and rational, not based on impulse and sudden outburst of emotion but on the principles that you believe in.   Though being honest, most of the times, cause trials to the person who practices it, it is better to be truthful all the way so that your team will trust and follow you for they will believe that all you will say are true whether those words are positive or not.   For an instance, if an employee delivers an unsatisfactory job, you should tell him in all honesty that you are expecting or needing something more that what he had presented. While the employee may feel bad the c riticism may help him do things better, and will contribute to having a quality result in the end. You read "Business leadership: Skills that Take to be a Good Leader" in category "Essay examples" The next set of skills are competence and credibility; competence talks about being appropriate to a certain job or task while credibility refers to being reliable and trustworthy.   If a person wants to be a leader, he or she should be competent to lead other people; he or should have the capacity to influence and convince the team about the things to do and the decisions to be made.   Being a leader demands a lot of responsibility and comes with a lot of pressure, a person in order to lead must be able to keep his composure whenever the situation gets out of hand and stressful, otherwise, he, along with the team, will go downhill. In addition, this person should have all the abilities, experience and expertise to lead, these factors will lead to being trustworthy for when the people he or she will lead see that he or she knows what he or she is talking about and he or she has the full grasp of the goal and all the situations then they can trust him to lead them.   Just like when reading a book about new innovations in the medical world, people will only buy and believe it if the person who wrote it is an expert. In as similar vein, a leader should have enough background about the task at hand so that the people will see if he or she definitely knows what he or she is talking about as a subject matter expert. Thirdly, a leader should be forward-looking which means he or she should has his or her eyes on the things that might take place in the future, this is a necessity in order for the leader and the team to be prepared and alert of what is to come whenever they make a decision.   The leader should be the first to see the consequences of each of their actions and consequences in order to avoid mistakes and failures; he should evaluate and study every situation and option presented to him or her carefully before choosing and making a final decision.   Additionally, being a visionary is also important, with this characteristic, a leader has a specific and precise vision of what he wants in the future, it is here that the goal is formulated and this vision is what will keep them on track.   If the leader has a vision to have his company the leading business firm in the country, all of his actions, decisions and moves will all be towards this vision, without any kind of vision, then th ere is no goal at hand to be achieve; thus, there is no reason to work at all. Subsequently, a leader should be inspiring and motivating.   Inspiration and motivation are two important factors in order to have a drive to work, a leader should inspire and motivate his team to work for the goal they want to achieve.   An effective leader should not only give his or her team the things they have to do but also the reason why they should do them, he or she should provide them the purpose of their tasks and, of course, their goal.   Inspiration and motivation are very important each and every one of us; an athlete cannot get himself to perform his best when he lost his motivation and a writer would not be able to write a bestselling novel without any inspiration.   As a leader, you should remind your team to believe in themselves, this also means that you must have the drive, determination and spirit for these are what you need to motivate them. Last but not the least is that a leader must have good communication skills.   In order to lead, a leader must communicate to his team for that is the only way for him or her to deliver them the instructions, to give them inspiration and motivation, to be honest to them, to convince them that he is credible to lead, and to share to them his vision.   Good communication skills and leadership go on together, if you can be a good communicator, you will be able to express yourself very well, both thoughts and feelings.   You have to establish good and effective communication with your team in order to convey not only words but also meanings.   In addition, if you become an effective communicator, you will be able to project a confident and sincere image that people likes to see in a leader.   You should maintain good communication with your team; otherwise, you and each of your employees will draw into isolation which will bring negative effects on the business because it can c ause in making wrong decisions. In the next four or five years, I would want to develop these skills in order to contribute to my success, particularly, honesty and integrity, competence and credibility, and good communication skills.   These three set of skills are, in my opinion, the most essential in becoming an effective leader, for that reason, these are the skills that I will focus on developing in the next four to five years.   Honesty and integrity are very important because it is through these that trust can be build and establish.   Developing honesty is not easy because humans are subject to lie most of the time intentionally and unintentionally due to their nature. One particular reason why we lie is because we do not want others to be hurt that is why we resolve to saying â€Å"white lies†, however, in the business realm, these lies and other kind of lies should be avoided because covering negative things with such will affect the result of the job.   In order for me to develop honesty, I must learn to say truthful things and also learn the proper way to address them especially those negative matters so that people would not be hurt and for them to see for themselves the aspects that they could work on the aspects they should work on.   On the other hand, to develop integrity, I should learn to focus on my principles and be able to control myself in order to act rationally not based on my impulse and sudden emotional outburst.   Through this, I will be able to avoid acting unjust and harsh towards other people. The next competence I want to develop is competence and credibility.   To develop these two, I must gain a lot of experiences in order to expand my competencies and credibility.   I must learn to take responsibility for a lot of things, and to handle different kinds of situation and, as well as, pressure in order for me to be considered as competent.   In addition, I should acquire the necessary qualities and attributes such as charisma, communication skills, confidence, and responsibility to be competent enough to be a leader.   On the contrary, in order to be credible, I need to study the things I need to learn regarding the task at hand, since I am planning to enter business, I must equip myself with the appropriate knowledge on how the business world works and about the certain business I would enter to so that my team will look at me in a way that I perfectly know what I am talking about and what I want to happen.   Lastly, I would want to develop my communication skills because I believe that communication is the most important thing between the relationship of an employer and an employee.   Without good communication skill, I would not be able to convince them to work for me, I would not be able to share them my vision and the plans that I have in order to achieve our goals, and I would not be able to tell them what I have in mind or if they are doing the right thing.   It is only through communication that will I be able to inspire and motivate them to do the things we have to do.   Most relationships fail due to lack of good communication, which is why for me this is the most essential skill in becoming an effective leader. My team should always hear me out in reminding them of our goals and in briefing our plans. Without communication, they would not do the things they have to do and worse, they will just move according to their own way.   If that happens, the job would not be accomplished and the group will not stay intact.   The process of leadership can only be considered a success if the job was done and the group still stays together as a cohesive team. Some of the most influential leaders in the history have all the five important leadership skills, especially the three that I have chosen.   Queen Elizabeth II of the Great Britain held the British monarchy and institution with a steady hand which is why they remained solid throughout the time she was placed in the throne, she understood the needs of reforms and even opened her accounts to the public in order for them to see that they are one with the people when it comes to decreasing the costs of their lifestyle. Then there is also Arnold Schwarzenegger who was elected as the governor of California, people may raise their eyebrows or have already raised them when he ran and won the election, but he is a visionary and this was evident on the economic policies that he have imposed on California in order to reduce the effects of global warming, he is also the one responsible in restoring the state’s environment – he have reduced the pollution in air and water, and even restored the habitats for the animals.   All these measures were done for his vision of making California acquire electricity on natural sources like wind, biomass and sun by the year 2020. Likewise is in the case of President Hu Jintao of China, who aims to get through the economic and social tensions rising in the country that was brought by the country’s growth for he wants to build a society living in harmony.   He was the one responsible of China’s rapid growth in the international world economically; he also radiates an aura of a knowledgeable, intelligent and confident leader.   Also, if there is anyone who had a lot of pressure and stress in leading, it could be Mayor Michael Bloomberg of New York City who needed to rebuild the city that never sleeps after the unforgettable nightmare of â€Å"9/11† – this is what competency is about. While in the world of business, Bill Gates, co-founder of Microsoft from the year 1975, dominated as the world’s most influential business leader.   He has the kind of determination that he used in his leadership that led to the change of the face of programming and information technology.   Dropping out of Harvard University did not seem to become a waste as he is now one of the world’s richest men.   And there is also Steve Jobs, co-founder of Apple, who is responsible for today’s most hyped gadgets. Being a leader is not impossible for anyone of us, we may be born with the potential leadership skills, and all we have to do is to develop them to become an effective leader. The five sets of skills I have discussed are really important to become an effectual leader.   Leaders should be honest to everyone including himself; he should have integrity, the competencies and credibility to become one. He should provide inspiration and motivation to give his followers the drive to work. He should be forward-looking and should be a visionary to be prepared and focus of the future. Lastly, he should be a good communicator to convey all of these to his team.   Being a political leader or a business leader necessitates all these skills; one may just need to adapt one’s focus as applicable in the setting where one is expected to lead. How to cite Business leadership: Skills that Take to be a Good Leader, Essay examples

Chinese Inventions free essay sample

Title Page China is unlike any other country I have read about; winning a trip to china would be a dream come true! As far back as it has been documented, China has created a number of useful inventions. And, their contributions to the world, in my opinion, cannot be compared to anyone else. These useful inventions and wonderful contributions are timeless. Items such as toilet paper, tooth brush, fork, and the calendar year are used every day and can practically be found in every household.While there are a variety of inventions the Chinese have made, to me, their extraordinary contributions to the society are paper, printing, gun powder, and compass because they have made a huge impact on the entire globe. To begin, I must say, many different items that were used before paper was invented: bamboo silk, papyrus, and parchment. However, these items were not without problems associated with their usage. We will write a custom essay sample on Chinese Inventions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There were varying degrees of surface smoothness, expense, preservation, and storage requirements.By 105 BC Cai Lun overcame many of the limitations by inventing a new writing medium known as paper from bark, hemp, and rags. During this time, the raw materials could be found easily and at lower prices compared to former methods. Essentially, this contribution helped the development of civilization. Another useful invention to come out of China was printing. The first form of â€Å"printing on paper† came from rubbings. The process consisted of smoothing a piece of paper with a brush, the paper was then carefully coaxed into the depressions, and afterwards left to dry with a fan.Anything from important decrees, texts, scriptures, poems, and pictures were inscribed on wood, bronze, and stone then copies were made on paper for distribution. Amazingly, centuries after this invention was created it is still as a form of printing today. As a result, the contribution of the invention enabled the development of the society and allowed for literacy to spread much more rapidly. Unlike the invention of paper and printing, the birth of gun powder was quite an accident.Initially, alchemists intended to make a potion for immortality. As a result, they inadvertently made what we know as gun powder which derived from a mixture that consists of sulfur, saltpeter, and charcoal. Eventually, the gun powder was for enlisted in military affairs. Shortly, thereafter other countries began to follow suit. As it turns out later the gun powder was used for other purposes such as cannons, exploding cannonballs, and fireworks. The useful purposes of gun powder are pretty cool considering the invention was an accident!The compass was also another extraordinary contribution to the world; invented somewhere in China during the Qin Dynasty it was originally made of a mineral known to us today as iron oxide. To look at the compass one would find the needle in the shape of a spoon and pointed in the south, unlike todays compass which points to the north. Records show it was used first by Chinese fortune tellers to give their client a sense of direction in life. Later, it was determined to be a type of navigation. The first known person to use the compass as a navigational tool onboard a ship was also Chinese by the name of Zheng. During his lifetime he sailed across the ocean 7 different times with his trusted compass in hand. What a brave fellow. With the compass in play, it opened a whole avenue for trade, opportunities to conquer lands, and most importantly helped one find their way back home. Without the four inventions we have discussed above I cannot really say where we would be as a society. What I can say is that no one can argue that the course of the world has not changed due to the inventions.As we can see the contributions lent a hand to the development to civilization. The paper changed the course of learning. Printing allowed for the works to be spread throughout the globe. Gun powder changed the outcome of wars and later used as a source of entertainment. And, the compass gave people a sense of direction. All of the inventions discussed are still used to this very day because they make a contribution to the world in some shape or form. For me personally, one Chinese invention I would not be able to live without is paper.From what I have gathered, reading at the time not only required mental capacity, but physical strength as well. Due to my constant need to work outside of the home and travel this would have affected my ability to learn because the former writing mediums would have been too heavy for me to bear. As we know the paper writing medium has made writing useful much easier and faster, and can be found in schools and the workforce even in China where I would like to visit someday –hopefully really soon! Reference: 1. Louvre. Retrieved on June 5, 2012 from http://www. louvre. fr/en

The Si4010 Key Fob Development users Guide free essay sample

Si4010-Key Fob-DK Si4010 K EY F O B D EVELOPMENT K IT U SER ’ S G UIDE 1. Key Fob Development Platform The Si4010 key fob development platform is a flexible platform for comfortably developing software and testing the whole system using the Silicon Laboratories software development IDE. The platform also allows programming of the NVM on chip. The kit has two versions: one for the 434 MHz band (P/N 4010-DKKF_434) and one for the 868 MHz band (P/N 4010-DKKF_868). 1. 1. Kit Content Table 1. Kit Content Qty Part Number 4010-DKKF_434 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 4010-UBPB_434 MSC-DKPE1 Si4010-C2-GS 4010-DKPB434-BM 4313-DAPB_LB MSC-PLPB_1 MSC-BA5 MSC-BA4 EC3 MSC-DKCS5 CRD2032 MSC-DKSW1 4010-DKKF_868 4010-UBPB_868 MSC-DKPE1 Si4010-C2-GS 4010-DKPB868-BM 4313-DAPB_HB MSC-PLPB_2 MSC-BA5 MSC-BA4 EC3 MSC-DKCS5 CRD2032 MSC-DKSW1 Description Si4010 Key Fob Development Kit 434 MHz Si4010 key fob demo board 434 MHz w/o IC SOIC/MSOP socketed development board Si4010-C2-GS transmitter IC, SOIC Package Si4010 MSOP key fob development board 434 MHz, SMA Si4313 LED receiver board low band pcb ant Key Fob Plastic Case (translucent grey) Programming interface board Burning adapter board USB Debug Adapter USB Cable CR2032 3 V coin battery Wireless Development Suite disc Si4010 Key Fob Development Kit 868 MHz Si4010 key fob demo board 868 MHz w/o IC SOIC/MSOP socketed development board Si4010-C2-GS transmitter IC, SOIC Package Si4010 MSOP key fob development board 868 MHz, SMA Si4313 LED receiver board high band pcb ant Key Fob Plastic Case (translucent red) Programming interface board Burning adapter board USB Debug Adapter USB Cable CR2032 3 V coin battery Wireless Development Suite disc Rev. We will write a custom essay sample on The Si4010 Key Fob Development users Guide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 0. 2 4/11 Copyright  © 2011 by Silicon Laboratories Si4010-Key Fob-DK Si4010-Key Fob-DK 1. 1. 1. Burning Adapter (P/N MSC-BA4) The programming interface board serves as an interface in between the debug adapter and the Socketed Key Fob Development Board or the Development Key Fob. It provides 6. 5 V for NVM programming. The power source is activated by a sliding switch on the board. It is required when the user wants to program the internal NVM memory on the chip. The programming interface board contains an 8-pin header, to which GPIO0 to GPIO5, along with power and ground, are connected from the socketed or battery platform. Therefore, the user can tap to that header to control or monitor the chip pins. 1. 1. 2. Si4010 Socketed Key Fob Development Board (P/N MSC-DKPE1) Socketed (both SOIC and MSOP) key fob board with SMA connector. 2 Rev. 0. 2 Si4010-Key Fob-DK 1. 1. 3. Si4010 MSOP Key Fob Development Board 434 MHz, SMA (P/N 4010-DKPB434-BM) This development board has an unburned soldered Si4010, five push buttons, SMA RF output, battery clip, and battery switch. This board allows running user application from RAM during program development even while board is disconnected and powered by the battery. The SMA output connector allows wired measurements of the RF output signal. 1. 1. 4. Si4313 LED Receiver Board Low Band PCB Ant (P/N 4313-DAPB_LB) Receiver board for link testing with the key fob development board loaded with the rke_demo example program. 1. 1. 5. Programming Interface Board (P/N MSC-BA5) Adapter board for interfacing customer PCB to the debug adapter. Rev. 0. 2 3 Si4010-Key Fob-DK 1. 1. 6. 4010 Key Fob Demo Board 434 MHz without IC (P/N 4010-UBPB_434) 1. 1. 7. Key Fob Plastic Case (translucent grey) (P/N MSC-PLPB_1) 1. 1. 8. Wireless Development Suite Disc (P/N MSC-DKSW1) Wireless Development Suite CD including Si4010 documentation kit, NVM burning application, example projects, and header files. 1. 1. 9. Si4010 sample, SOIC package (P/N Si4010-C2-GS) 1. 1. 10. USB Cable (P/N MSC-DKCS5) Cable to connect EC3 Debug Adapter to PC. 1. 1. 11. EC3 Debug Adapter (P/N EC3) Silicon Labs debugging adapter, used by other Silicon Labs’ MCU products as well, compatible with the development platform. 4 Rev. 0. 2 Si4010-Key Fob-DK 1. 2. Other Boards The following boards are not part of the development kit but can be ordered separately from Silicon Labs. Part Number 4010-DKPB434-BS 4010-DKPB_434 4311-DKEB1 4312-DKEB1 4311-DACB_LB 4312-DACB_LB Description Si4010 SOIC key fob development board 434 MHz, SMA Si4010 key fob development board 434 MHz Si4311 demo board Si4312 demo board Si4311 LCD FSK Receiver 434 MHz Si4312 LCD OOK Receiver 434 MHz 1. 2. 1. Si4010 SOIC Key Fob Development Board 434 MHz, SMA This board is similar to the board described in â€Å"1. 1. 3. Si4010 MSOP Key Fob Development Board 434 MHz, SMA (P/N 4010-DKPB434-BM)† but contains the SOIC package version of the Si4010. 1. 2. 2. Si4010 Key Fob Development Board 434 MHz This is also a key fob development board, but with a pcb antenna instead of the SMA connector. 1. 2. 3. Si4311 Demo Board and Si4312 demo board These boards are simple receiver demo boards for FSK and OOK respectively, with SMA antenna input, and SMA raw data output. For details see the Si4311-DB Users Guide and Si4312-DB Users Guide documents, available on www. silabs. com. 1. 2. 4. Si4311 LCD FSK Receiver 434 MHz and Si4312 LCD OOK Receiver 434 MHz Development boards for the Si4311 and Si4312 receivers, with a microcontroller, pushbuttons and LCD display. These boards are preloaded with the example program that is capable to receive the packets of the Si4010 Key Fob Demo with AES Capability. For details see the Si4010 Key Fob Demo Kit with AES Capability Users Guide available on www. silabs. com. Rev. 0. 2 5 Si4010-Key Fob-DK 1. 3. Usage of the Key Fob Development Platform The Silicon Labs IDE communicates with the USB Debug Adapter through the USB bus. The following debugging scenarios are possible: 1. EC3 debug adapter ? Burning adapter? Si4010 socketed key fob development board This setup is suitable for downloading, running, and debugging the program in RAM or burning the program in the NVM and running it. The antenna or measuring instrument can be connected through an SMA connector. Since sockets on board allow use of unsoldered ICs, this is the ideal scenario for burning the NVM memory of Si4010. 2. EC3 debug adapter ? Burning adapter? Si4010 MSOP key fob development board This setup is suitable for downloading, running, and debugging the program in RAM. This board has a PCB antenna and battery, so after downloading the program and starting the execution by disconnecting in the IDE, the board can be physically disconnected from the programming interface and tested in mobile form. A switch is provided on the board to connect/disconnect the battery. Note: Although burning is also possible with this setup, it is not practical since Si4010 is soldered on the key fob development board. 6 Rev. 0. 2 Si4010-Key Fob-DK 3. EC3 debug adapter ? Programming adapter? User’s own application In this setup, the user can incorporate the debugging capabilities into the final application using a cheap 4-pin header connection. Silicon Labs’ ToolStick USB Debug Adapter (not part of the development kit) is also compatible with the key fob development platform and can be used in the above scenarios. 2. Debugging an Application To debug an application the user is provided with the Silicon Laboratories IDE (Integrated Development Environment). The IDE has an integral help. This section is not a user manual for the IDE, but highlights the items which are important when working with the IDE. 2. 1. Installing the IDE and USB Debug Adapters Download the Silicon Labs IDE (Integrated Dvelopment Environment) from the following URL: http://www. silabs. com/products/mcu/Pages/SiliconLaboratoriesIDE. aspx and install it on your computer. The IDE gets installed into its own directory. The main executable file is IDE. exe. The IDE works with the USB Debug Adapter, shown in the section above. When the IDE recognizes the Silicon Labs USB debug adapters, it queries whether its internal firmware is compatible with the Si4010. If not, then it notifies the user and requests permission to update the adapters firmware. Silicon Labs also provides a program, usb_debug_adapter_firmware_reset. xe, to clear the adapters firmware manually before connection to the IDE. The program resides in the same directory as the IDE main executable. With the Si4010 debugging chain it is required that the manual adapter firmware clearing is done for each USB adapter before using the key fob debugging chain. That o peration needs to be done only once per USB Debug Adapter. The IDE will then program the correct firmware into the adapter. The reset firmware executable will scan USB ports and give the user a list of connected Silicon Labs USB adapters. The USB Debug Adapter name starts with EC. Users can have more than one USB adapter connected to the computer. 2. 2. Keil toolchain integration The project files in examples assume that the Keil toolchain is installed into: C:Keil directory. The location of the Keil toolchain can be easily changed in the Silabs IDE in the Project—Tool Chain Integration menu. An evaluation version of the Keil toolchain can be downloaded from the Keil website at http://www. keil. com/. This free version has a 2 kB code limitation and starts the code at the 0x0800 address. The Keil free evaluation version can be unlocked to become a 4 kB version with no code placement limitation by following the directions given in application note AN104 about Keil toolchain integration and license management. Unlock code can be found on the WDS CDROM in the root folder in the Keil_license_number. txt file. Contact your Silicon Laboratories sales representative or distributor for application assistance. Rev. 0. 2 7 Si4010-Key Fob-DK 2. 3. IDE Features The IDE allows the following: 1. Download the OMF-51 linker output format (Keil BL51 linker output, for example) and match the source code lines with the compiled file. This allows source code debugging, including variable value viewing, setting breakpoints, single-stepping, etc. Note that the output of the Keil LX51 linker is not understood by the IDE. 2. Download the IntelHEX file for the application. When using the IntelHEX file the source code debugging is not available. The user can set a breakpoint for a specific code address by going through the Debug ? Breakpoints (Alt+B) menu item. The user can also single-step through the disassembly of the loaded code. 3. Setting at least 4 breakpoints with a possible maximum of 8. The actual number of breakpoints available is determined by the IDE from the factory setting of the chip. 4. Single-stepping through the disassembly of the code. If the OMF file is loaded, the single-stepping is matched with the source code. 5. Viewing and changing variables, SFR registers, XREG registers, and the contents of both DATA/IDATA RAM and CODE/XDATA RAM on the fly during debugging. When the changes are made by the user in the corresponding windows, the user must press the Refresh Values (Alt+R) button on the toolbar to update the values in the device. Just changing values in the IDE will not automatically update them in the device. 2. 4. IDE Debugging Session The typical IDE debugging session consists of the following sequence: 1. Connect the IDE to the chip by hitting the Connect or invoking menu Debug ? Connect menu item. 2. Download the OMF file either by hitting the Download code (Alt+D) toolbar button or from the Debug ? Download object code menu item. The latter also allows IntelHEX download, but without the source code debugging capability. 3. After the code download, the device is automatically halted at address 0x0000 in CODE/XDATA RAM. Then the user can set breakpoints, single-step, animate, etc. 4. The user can hit the Reset (Ctrl+R) toolbar button any time the device is halted (not running). The internal digital system level reset is invoked and the device goes through the boot sequence. The previously loaded code by the user into the CODE/XDATA RAM is preserved and the device is halted at the address 0x0000 of CODE/XDATA RAM. 5. When a bug is found, the user can download a new OMF file whenever the device is halted. There is no need to disconnect the device from the debug chain or to hit reset. The download, item 2 above, will automatically reset the device after the OMF/IntelHEX new code download is finished. It is very important to note that whenever the Disconnect toolbar button is hit or the Debug ? Disconnect menu item is invoked, the debugging chain does the following: †¢ Enables the LED driver. During the debugging sessions the LED current driver is forcibly disabled. †¢ Clears all the breakpoints. †¢ Releases the device from halt and lets it run from the point when it was halted. 2. 5. Important Note about Single-Stepping Over ROM Code Single-stepping through the ROM code is disabled. Whenever the user encounters the call to the ROM API functions he or she should use the Step Over (F10) toolbar button rather than the Step (F11) or Multiple Step button. Even though single-stepping through the ROM API function using the Step (F11) button works from the user’s point of view, the CPU timing is modified and real-time performance is not guaranteed when using the Step (F11) or Multiple Step buttons over the ROM API functions. Therefore, it is highly recommended to use the Step Over (F10) toolbar button when stepping over the ROM API functions in IDE. Single-stepping over the bMtp_Write() function using Step (F11) or Multiple Step buttons may yield unpredictable results in the MTP (EEPROM) and is highly discouraged. One should use the Step Over (F10) tool, run to cursor, or setting a breakpoint when debugging around the MTP write function. 8 Rev. 0. 2 Si4010-Key Fob-DK . 6. Device Version 1. The device ID information can be read through the IDE through Views ? Debug Windows ? Si4010 ? XREG Regs. The last item bREV_ID is the device revision. The user can also call the API function bSys_GetRevId(). 2. The trim version can be read by t he Silicon Labs IDE as External Memory through Views ? Debug Windows -; External Memory at location 0x11D6. There is a macro bSys_TrimId_c defined in the headers for use in customer code as well. The user needs to know the TrimId before writing any code, so the manual access to it is adequate. The trim version will rarely change and customers will be notified about the change. The provided NVM burner program reads both the bREV_ID device revision and the trim version bSys_TrimId in the [Device] tab after the burner is connected to the device. 2. 7. Debugging Application which Drives LED To maximize utilization of the package pins, the LED current driver output is shared with the debug chain clock signal C2CLK. To share the functionality and be able to use the IDE for debugging there are some limitations to note and rules to follow. The following figure shows the recommended connection of the USB 10-pin debug header to the device in the user application. Note: The LED must be isolated by the 470 ? resistor for the debug chain to work. Rev. 0. 2 9 Si4010-Key Fob-DK Facts about using the LED with IDE chain: 1. The IDE chain can connect to the device only if the LED current driver is off and the LED is not lit. 2. Once the IDE chain is connected to the device it blocks the device LED driver. Therefore, the application can be written in a normal fashion using LED as desired in the final application without worry of being disconnected from the debug chain. The only limitation is that the LED will not be lit from the application during the IDE debug session. The user will still observe LED activity, but that activity is related to the debug chain communicating with the device, not the user application driving the LED. 3. Once the IDE chain is disconnected from the device (for example, by pressing the Disconnect button in the IDE), the device is released from halt and at the same time the blocking of the LED driver is removed. From that point on, the application behaves and runs as a regular application and the LED activity reflects what the application desires to do with the LED. 4. If the user wants to reconnect the IDE to the device the only requirement is that the LED must not be lit by the application and the C2 debug interface must be active, not being actively turned off by the application. Therefore, if the device user software is stuck in an infinite loop and driving the LED constantly or the C2 interface was turned off by the application, the IDE chain will not be able to connect to the device. In such a situation, the device power has to be cycled to invoke internal power on reset. (See item 1 above. ) Cycling the power to the part in this context means either physical removal of the power to the device or calling the vSys_Shutdown() function from within the application, which achieves the same result. 2. 8. Hardware Issue with Debugging LED Application There is an issue with the LED turning on and off and the functionality of the GPI04. There is no issue when the part is programmed as the Run part and runs the final application code. Therefore, the issue affects only the application development. There are several possible software workarounds, depending on the approach the user wants to take. 2. 8. 1. Application LED Control The user can control the LED intensity and whether the LED is on or off. The LED intensity has 4 values, 0 to 3: Off, 0. 3 mA, 0. 6 mA, and 1 mA current. The user can set the intensity any time, but the LED is not going to be turned on until the GPIO_LED is set to 1. The GPIO_LED is an alias for the P0. 5 bit. After the reset the P0. 5 bit is set to 1, so it is recommended that the user use GPIO_LED = 0 at the beginning of the user application. To turn the LED off at the very beginning of the user application: /* Clear the GPIO_LED.. reset will set this bit! */ GPIO_LED = 0; To turn the LED on and off inside the user application: /* Set LED intensity .. cceptable values are 0 (off) or 1, 2, and 3 */ vSys_LedIntensity( 3 ); †¦ /* To turn the LED on at currently set intensity */ GPIO_LED = 1; †¦ /* To turn the LED off, keep the intensity setting */ GPIO_LED = 0; 10 Rev. 0. 2 Si4010-Key Fob-DK The intensity setting can be changed any time, even when the GPIO_LED = 1. This is basically how the LED control operates. This approach will work when the part status is finalized as the Run device, since for that program level the C2 interface is turned off after the boot-by-boot routine. However, when the code above is used for a device in the Factory or User programming state, then the GPIO4 will stop working after the first LED blink. The LED must be seen to be turned on and off by the application (to blink) to experience this problem. 2. 8. 2. Solution 1: Living with the Limitation The simplest solution is to know about the issue and decide to live with it. After the first LED blink, the GPI04 will not work. In this scenario, the user may decide to test the GPI04 only when the part is fully programmed as the Run part. 2. 8. 3. Solution 2: Controlled Compilation The user may use a #define C statement to define a LED on value. For button press debugging purposes when the LED can be off the code is compiled with value set as 0, so the LED will never light up and the GPIO4 will always function. For debugging the LED, and for final application compilation for the Run state of the device, the user will compile the application with the LED on value set to 1. For example: #ifdef DEBUG #define gLedOnValue_c #else #define gLedOnValue_c

Internal Combustion Engine

Internal Combustion Engine There are various internal combustion engines in existence. These engines are usually categorized according to their physical layout (inline/ straight, flat/ boxer, V, and W), the number of cylinders they contain (single, twin/ two, four, six, eight, ten, twelve, and sixteen), and the type of fuel they use (petrol/ gasoline, gas, and diesel).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Internal Combustion Engine specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More So for example, one may come across a ‘V12 petrol engine’ or a ‘four cylinder diesel engine. As can be seen from the two examples aforementioned, all the defining aspects/ attributes of the engines have been captured in their names. Due to the different characteristics (e.g., weight, size, number of cylinders) and working principles (e.g. magneto, coil, number of strokes per cycle, fuel injection or carburetor systems) of internal combustion engines, the different engi ne types are used for a varied number of applications. The following is a small summery of the five most common engine types according to the type of fuel that they use. Gasoline Engines They are also referred to as petrol engines, and as the name suggests, run on petrol. They are commonly used to propel small and medium sized motor vehicles, motorcycles, aircraft, motorboats, lawn mowers, portable electricity generators, and chainsaws. These engines have several advantages which include: -are cheaper to produce and acquire compared to their diesel equivalents -they are not as noisy as diesel engines -their spare parts are cheaper to buyAdvertising Looking for report on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The disadvantages on the other hand include: -they are less efficient over longer journeys -they usually have a lower resale value -heavier petrol engine vehicles need to be driven harder to enable ove rtaking maneuvers. This leads to increased fuel consumption. b) Gas Engine (Spark Ignition) The term ‘spark ignition’ refers to the use of electric sparks to ignite/ cause fuel to combust. These sparks are developed when a high voltage current is forced to ‘jump’ across a small gap. The phrase ‘Gas Engine’ however, is an ambiguous term which could imply/ refer to an internal combustion engine which runs on either petrol, Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG), Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), hydrogen, bio-ethanol, methanol, ethanol, or nitro-methane. The advantages and disadvantages of these engines vary slightly from one fuel type to the other, but some common similarities do exist, i.e.:Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Internal Combustion Engine specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Advantages -are cheaper to produce and acquire compared to their diesel equivalents -they are not as noisy as di esel engines -their spare parts are cheaper to buy The disadvantages on the other hand include: -they are less efficient over longer journeys -they usually have a lower resale valueAdvertising Looking for report on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More -heavier spark ignition engine vehicles need to be driven harder to enable overtaking maneuvers. This leads to increased fuel consumption. c) Oil Burning Diesel Engines These are basically just normal diesel engines that can be found on an ordinary vehicle. However, instead of running them purely on diesel, the owners of such engines usually add a small amount of used engine oil to the fuel (diesel). This process is commonly done to ships, big/ heavy duty trucks, and tractors. Such engines have various advantages like: -they help in reducing wastage by recycling used engine oil -they are cheaper to run as they use oil which most people have no use for and thus attach no value to them. -they are more flexible as they can run on either diesel or petrol, or even a blend of the two. The disadvantages are that: -they produce a lot of smoke which contributes to environmental pollution -they require special care due to the possibility of damage which might be caused by metal particles in t he recycled oil. d) Gas Diesel Engines The idea of such an engine was necessitated by the need for a fuel efficient engine with minimal resulting harmful emissions. This led scientists to develop an internal combustion engine that incorporated the highly fuel efficient technologies found in diesel engines but ran on the more environmentally friendly petrol. The result is a ‘gas-powered diesel engine’ that is about twice as economical as a petrol engine and cleaner than a diesel engine (Nguyen, 2011). This engine is not commonly used commercially as the technology behind it is still in the research and development phase. The advantages of these engines are that; -it is almost twice as economical as a petrol engine -it has much few carbon emissions than a diesel engine. The disadvantage is that: -it is about twenty five percent less powerful than a regular gas/ petrol or diesel engine at full throttle. e) Dual-fuel diesel Engines, Dual-fuel is a device/ gadget that have b een developed by ‘Clean Air Power’ to work with the standard original equipment manufacturers of standard diesel engines. Dual-fuel works by injecting a mixture of natural gas and air into the combustion chamber of the diesel engine. This mixture cannot ignite spontaneously like diesel under compression by the cylinder; therefore, a small charge (about 10 percent of the total energy of the fuel) of diesel is injected to the main mixture of gas and air to act like a multitude of microscopic spark-plugs that ignites the mixture (Richard, 2010). This technology has been confirmed to work on DAF’s and Mercedes’ heavy duty diesel truck engines. Advantages of these engines are: -they have fewer carbon emissions than standard diesel engines -they can run entirely on diesel alone -they can run on gas -they are more efficient than diesel engines Despite all the differences in working principles of the above mentioned engine types, they all share a significant numbe r of key elements and components. The most obvious element shared by internal combustion engines is the aspect of compression and ignition of a fuel charge. Although the processes involved may vary for different engine configurations (e.g. in a four stroke engine this process occurs over a 720 degree revolution of the crankshaft, where you have the ‘intake stroke’, followed by the ‘compression stroke’, next is the ‘power stroke’, and finally you have the ‘exhaust stroke’, with each engine stroke taking place over a 180 degree revolution of the crank shaft. In contrast to this, in a two stroke engine this process occurs over a 360 degree rotation of the crankshaft, owing to the lack of dedicated ‘intake’ and ‘exhaust strokes’.), these two elements exist over all engine configurations and fuel types. The most important parts of internal combustion engines (all engines) are the crankcase/ engine block, the pi stons, connecting rods, cylinders, and crankshaft. The crankcase is usually cast or drilled from a light-metal material (usually iron pr aluminum) in order to keep the overall weight of the engine down hence increasing its efficiency. The crankcase, in addition to housing and protecting the crank shaft and connecting rods, also serves as an oil container and a rigid structure for connecting the transmission to the engine (John, 2004). A piston is a part of the engine that moves in a reciprocating manner inside the cylinder/ combustion chamber. It is responsible for the transfer of power produced by the exploding gases in the combustion chamber, to the crankshaft through a connecting rod that is usually attached to it. It also acts as an intake and exhaust valve in a two-stroke internal combustion engine. Earlier pistons were made from cast iron, but the need for lighter engine components resulted to the adoption of cast aluminum alloys (Nazrul, 2013). The cylinder is the top hollow part of the engine block. It is mostly cast from aluminum and iron to minimize on weight. The cylinder in an internal combustion engine acts as a housing for the piston. It also guides the movement of the piston during the various engine strokes, and it is where the combustion of fuel charges takes place. The other component is the crankshaft. It spins in a circular motion in correspondence to the connecting rods’ movements. They also normally act as the output shaft in a reciprocating internal combustion engine, and either be connected to a gearbox/ transmission or be bolted on directly to whatever device that needs to be driven. Crankshafts are usually either forged or cast from iron and steel (McFarland, 2009). With the information that has been highlighted in the foregoing documentation, it suffices to explain how internal combustion engines work. First off is the ‘four-stroke petrol engine. When the piston (the yellow part of the image) moves downwards, a vacuum i s created inside the cylinder, the intake valve opens (the blue part of the image), and a charge of petrol mixed with air is injected into the cylinder. This is called the ‘intake-stroke’. After reaching the Bottom Dead Center (BDC), the intake valve closes and the piston starts to ascend, thereby compressing the air-fuel mixture in the process. This is the ‘compression stroke’. At Top Dead Center (TDC), a spark is introduced by the spark-plug and the fuel charge is ignited. This results to expansion of gases inside the cylinder, thereby pushing the piston downwards. This is represents the ‘power stroke’. The piston then begins to ascend, aping the compression stroke. The exhaust valves (the red part of the diagram) open during this stroke to allow the expulsion of burnt gases from the cylinder. This is called the ‘exhaust stroke’. These engine strokes occur over a 720 degree revolution of the crankshaft (the purple part). A four-s troke diesel engine works in the same manner, the only difference being that during the intake stroke, only air is injected into the cylinder. The air heats-up during the compression stroke, and at TDC diesel is injected into the cylinder and spontaneously combusts when it comes into contact with the hot air. This is the reason why diesel engines do not have spark-plugs. For a two-stroke petrol engine, the previously mentioned processes of intake, compression, ignition, and exhaustion are accomplished with only two revolutions of the crankshaft. During the intake stroke (which is also the power stroke), a vacuum is created inside the cylinder and this forces a mixture of petrol and air to rush in to occupy the empty cylinder as shown by the arrow on the above diagram. The mixture is compressed during the compression stroke (which also serves as the exhaust stroke). At TDC, a spark is introduced and the charge is ignited. The two-stroke diesel engine works in a similar manner, the di fference being that only air is injected into the cylinder during the intake stroke, and that instead of a spark being introduced at TDC, diesel is injected into the cylinder leading to spontaneous combustion of the fuel charge. A fundamental component of the internal combustion engine is the fueling/ fuel system. For a diesel engine, it comprises of a fuel tank, injection pump, and injection nozzles. The injection pump is responsible for delivering highly pressurized fuel to the injection nozzles, which atomize the fuel before injecting it into the combustion chamber. The basic fueling system of a petrol engine employs the use of a carburetor like the one shown below. Air rushes in through the air intake manifold creating a region of low pressure when the throttle is opened. The pressure difference forces a fine jet of atomized petrol to flow from the float chamber, and mix with the incoming air. This mixture then flows into the cylinder where it is ignited by a spark to produce power. The spark is produced by the ignition system which usually consists of a source of electric current (either a battery or a magneto), a condenser, and a spark plug as shown below. The coil draws and amplifies current and the passes it to the condenser which further amplifies it to about 25000 volts before it is sent to the spark plug. References John, K. (2004, ). FPO IP Research Communities.  Crankcase for an internal combustion engine DaimlerChrysler AG. Web. McFarland, J. (2009, February). Crankshaft Tech Let’s Torque About Crankshafts.  CIRCLE TRACK. Web. Nazrul, I. (2013, ). Academia.edu Share research.  Design and construction of a piston for four stroke single cylinder S.I. engine by die-casting | AKM Nazrul Islam -Academia.edu. Web. Nguyen, T. (2011, 23). SmartPlanet Innovative Ideas That Impact Your World.  Gas powered diesel engine may double fuel efficiency | SmartPlanet. Web. Richard, H. (2010,). Clean Air Power dual fuel technology natural ga s components.  DUAL-FUEL TECHNOLOGY. Web.

Creativity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Creativity - Essay Example Morris 2006 gives a different definition of creativity when compared to the thoughts of the author of this paper. Morris suggests that the characteristics of creativity firstly involves ‘thinking or behaving imaginatively.’ Secondly, creativity is ‘imaginative’, thirdly, ‘something original’ must be the result of the process and fourthly, ‘the outcome must be of value in relation to the objective.’ Further, Morris adds additional elements to this definition. Creativity is also seen as the connection of body and mind in search of ‘new knowledge’ and includes a ‘risk’ factor in its outlook. (Pann Baltz, quoted in Morris 2006) If creativity is determined by one’s willingness to allow oneself to explore one’s inner workings then clearly some people are more ceative than others. Just like some leaders are born and some are made I believe that creativity within a particular individual can be nurtured to develop into an awesome resource. It is therefore dependent on the environment and the level of encouragement that one obtains that boosts creativity. Howard Gardner in his theory on multiple intelligences suggests that each individual can learn in different ways. Hence one can deduce that individuals can be creative in distinctive ways as well. Pablo Picasso claims that â€Å"Every child is an artist. The problem is how to remain an artist once he grows up.† Children in particular are naturally creative. They are curious, imaginative, purposeful and appreciate beauty. Therefore there is an innate dimension of creativity deposited in the young at heart. In the same vein , however, children’s natural creativity can be stifled and destroyed by some adults who refuse to allow them to explore and demonstrate their inner self. We can encourage children to be creative by giving them the latitude they need to explore their inner being and their environment to

Surveys Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Surveys - Essay Example es, Behaviour, and Preferences of E-Customers; Allworth Press 17 Introduction This present paper is a research paper that seeks to investigate how the internet has revolutionised how business is done and what influences the internet has on the performance of business organisation. The paper will mainly answer this research question using data collected from questionnaires that were distributed to a target population of fifteen people that comprised of five managers and ten friends and relatives. ... The second part of the paper will analyse that data that was collected in the first part while the third and final part of the paper will discuss research findings , draw out a conclusion and then spell out a few recommendation that address the research question. Part 1 1.1 Impact of the internet on businesses Jarvenpaa and Todd (2010) described the Internet as a global network that interconnects all computers in the world thereby enabling different computers in different corners of the world to communicate with each other. Bridges et al. (2010) further added that the internet is decentralised by design meaning that it is independent and not a property of any individual thou it relies on other physical infrastructures that taps into other networks. Through the interconnectivity provided by the Internet, the world has become a global village and it is no longer necessary to move physically from one location to another in order to inquire or acquire a good or service since this can be done through the internet and payment as well as delivery can be organised through the same platform. According to Bigne (2005), the internet has had a revolutionary impact mostly in the 21st century on the way people carry on various tasks. For example, it is no longer mandatory to go to work to simply submit or write a report, since the employee can do this at the comfort of his or her own home and then send the report to the manager via the internet. This mode of operating is largely classified under the concept of virtual office, which does not necessarily require workers to work under one physical location. Secondly, Close (2012) noted that it is no longer necessary to visit a physical store in order to inquire about a certain product or service before

Evaluation of Indias Online Travel Industry

Evaluation of Indias Online Travel Industry MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS PROJECT: ONLINE TRAVEL INDUSTRY GROUP MEMBERS: Nikita Goenka (PGP30324) Padmaja Agnihotri (PGP30316) Sandeep Kumar (ABM11034) Ravali Malka (PGP30317) Vishwas Nandan (PGP 30353) Saurav Kumar (PGP30340) Rohan Kokane (PGP30336) BACKGROUND India is a country with vast demography and a wide spectrum of opportunities. Better job avenues have gifted the youth with greater discretionary power. Rising use of internet plastic money has made the field of e-commerce an exponentially growing field in recent times. Why E-Travel as a subject of research? E-travel in India has a lion’s share in the Indian E-commerce contributing to a whopping 82% to the entire market share in the year 2013 (Graph 1). Also, E-travel exhibited a marvelous annual growth of 53% in 2013 over 2012. This is further complemented by the fact that the Indian tourism industry is the 2nd fastest growing in the world. The present paper aims at unravelling various facets of this booming industry and studying its position in the private sector, especially e-commerce industry. Other merits: Online travel demands least capital infrastructure costs Quick delivery of services enhances consumer satisfaction EVOLUTION Based on the single idea of easing travelling in India, online travel services started around a decade ago. Booming of IT sector in India was one of the major factors stimulating online travel. Online travelling segment constitutes around 70% 80% ($25 billion) of all e-commerce activities and has been a major driver of the industry. Key schemes and policies implemented by e-commerce industry can be considered as major factor for success of the segment. Exhaustive assistance, user friendly websites, customer grievance redress are the major attractions prevailing in the segment. Makemytrip, Yatra.com, Redbus are some websites which have seen rocketed growth as presented in Graph 2 and Graph 3. PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND Price Elasticity is defined as percentage change in demand due to one percent change in price. Online travel industry faces more level of price sensitivity than traditional channels, majorly because of ease of access to- PRODUCT INFORMATION PRICE INFORMATION CHANNEL SELECTION FORWARD LINKAGES: Nowadays Travel industry is not restricted to its conventional travel business only. It has extended to forward linkages like bus tickets, travel insurance firm hotels. Share of each linkage has been presented in Graph 4 Regulations Introduced by the government and its impact: The regulatory norms laid down by the government of India are aimed at promoting growth of the market which have effect on the online travel industry. With the customers slowly moving from traditional ways of booking to online, these norms have greatly influenced the growth of online travel industry. A few regulatory norms laid are as follows: COST STRUCTURE: The cost structure of online travel can be analysed in two ways: Traditional costing analysis through study of the PL statement ABC (activity based costing ) by analyzing the cost driver for each specific segment The following sections explains both the above stated viewpoints: Traditional costing analysis: The income statements of various big players of the online travel industry are available for study. One such player is Makemytrip.com, a leading firm in online travel. Graph 5 summarizes the various expenses of Makemytrip for 4 consecutive years in descending order. Activities of online travel: The various activities of online travel have been are categorized as: Core Activities and Support Activities The activities are studied considering their respective drivers in terms of the resources allotted and other factors such as time and space devoted etc. PRODUCTION STRUCTURE Online travel industry offers services to its customers as a product. There are various types of services which online travel industry offers:- Core services Air, Rail and hotel advance bookings and ticketing Discount fares program Event management service Value added services Tracking of journey 24 hours emergency service Ticket approval using email system Insurance Graph 6: Traffic generated from mobile devices. Graph 7: Reach of travel portals (India and Global) Graph 8: Profit Margin by segments PRODUCTION FUNCTION A production function gives relationship between inputs (capital, labour and other factors) and outputs (goods and services). Online travel agency have high initial and fixed cost which it makes as less labour intensive sector. U= U (P, Y) Y= F (K, L) Where U = utility function of cost (P) and trips (Y) F = Production function of capital (K) (travel agencies) In short run, if labour is increased, the performance and maintenance of the online portal will be improvised. So this in-turn might increase number of trips for some time period then falls as online travel agency is more technology based and improving labour doesn’t increase much of output. In long run, an improvement in the state of technology shifts the production function up, leading to an increase in output per worker for a given level of capital per worker. The higher the technology, higher Y for a given K and L. An improvement in the state of technology shifts the production function up, leading to an increase in output per worker for a given level of capital per worker COST FUNCTION Cost function is effect of level of production on the cost which the firm is incurring. Since in online travel industry we don’t have any such physical product, we can relate the level of production with the sales generated by company. Cost analysis for Thomas Cook has been done in Table 1 and Graph 9. TABLE – 1: Thomas Cook- Average and Marginal cost of the service delivered Year Sales (INR in mn) Total Cost (INR in mn) AC MC 2010 3455 3086 0.8932 2011 4017 3094 0.7703 0.01 2012 4386 3300 0.7524 0.557 2013 13031 10269 0.7881 0.80 Source: www.securities.com/emis/ Industry- Online travel Graph 9: Cost analysis for Thomas Cook (All money figures are in INR million) Inferences: The data given in Table 1 shows the average and marginal cost of the service delivered. From graph 9 we can see that the average cost reaches a minimum value of 0.45 at a sales value of INR 8700mn approximately. As the scale of operations of Thomas Cook went up beyond this point the average cost also increased. Clearly it is evident that the company isn’t operating at its minimum cost point. Due to sudden increase in scale of operations, the company might not have optimized its value chain. REGRESSION ANALYSIS IRCTC E-ticket booking: IRCTC started its e-ticket booking facility from 2005 August. By that time there was already i-ticket booking in IRCTC where tickets will be delivered through courier to the house after booking through internet. Once IRCTC launched E-ticket booking, the sales through I-ticketing started declining and this new facility increasing sales of IRCTC. Number of people using internet in 2012 is 11.4% of total population as compared to 4.5% of total population in 2005. This rapid growth in internet users resulted in increment of number of tickets booked through IRCTC. Graph 10: Regression Analysis for IRCTC E-ticket booking Inferences: In 2005, internet Company Sify had announced its tie up with Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) to make online railway ticketing service available at over 3,400 iWay cybercafà ©s across 154 cities, on cash payments. In 2008, With 8 lacs tickets sold every day on its website, IRCTC had announced its expansion policy to give services and sell airline tickets. With overall increase in train travel quality and increase in train travelling, e-tickets are in demand. PROFIT OR LOSS ANALYSIS: MAKE MY TRIP www.moneycontrol.com Year Revenue Total Cost Profit 2011 $124,721.00 $119,891.00 $4,830.00 2012 $196,599.00 $189,951.00 $7,048.00 2013 $228,822.00 $256,411.00 ($27,589.00) 2014 $255,375.00 $276,281.00 ($20,906.00) Graph 11 Inferences: Based on the above analysis MakeMyTrip has achieved its break-even point somewhere in between 2012 and 2013. After that point it has been experiencing losses. PROFIT OR LOSS ANALYSIS THOMAS COOK www.moneycontrol.com Year Revenue(In Cr.) Total Cost(In Cr.) Profit(In Cr.) 2009 242.00 184.00 58.00 2010 282.00 193.00 89.00 2011 340.00 232.00 108.00 2012 386.00 270.00 116.00 2013 383.00 267.00 116.00 Graph 12 Inferences: From above graph, Thomas cook has passed its break-even point and has been experiencing profits for last 5 years. APPENDIX Graph 1: E commerce Market share Graph 2: Growth trend in the online travel market Graph 3: Percentage of online users Graph 4: E commerce market share (including the forward linkages) Graph 5: Summary of expenses of Makemytrip for 4 consecutive years in descending order: Source : http://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/mmyt/financials?query=income-statement Graph 6: Traffic generated from mobile devices Graph 7: Reach of travel portals Segment % age Air Travel 7 Train Travel 5 Bus Travel 12 Car Rentals 15 Hotels tours and Packages 20 Graph 8: Profit Margin by segments 2013 Source: E Y