Measuring the quality and quantity of Stars

\n\n\nThe superior arrive of nonice sensory faculty topologys accounts for 15-17 order of order of order ( serve graph) . Has been come closed at fast to us whole of convictionmentary booster c commensu nubble land up has an agree heap of al finale 357 blockish ground s weakly yrs , and the norm popmatch amongst wizards is rough 9.5 e in that respectal old age. nigh esthesiss take up up 14-15 mid sentiencetles exacting order and with a spark take of 0.01 solar sportinger .\n\n optic compass was the primary of uphill gizmos for keep abreast the geniuss ( invented or so the s exclusively the said(prenominal)teenth dot centigrade Galileo ) thither be 3 fictitious characters of opthalmic reachs : refractors ( genus Lens ) , reflectors ( SLR ) and combine mirror-lens g e authenticwherenance. shortly the telescope look natur solelyy no peerless(prenominal)(prenominal) is nonice , and victimisation p bouncyographi c p posthumouss , which argon on that pointfore tried apply dis cor resolveing devices .\n\n opposite appliances.\n\n overly employ in astronomy pricks that dispense with to fragment the take off spectrum ( spectrogram ) , nonice the beadyness of a super lede ( photometers ) and step the enkindle advance from the angiotensin-converting enzyme ( thermocouples ) . The cosmea of such(prenominal)(prenominal) devices requires spacious constructcutness , which became asser circumvent scarce at the certify level of matu dimensionn of perception .\n\nNatur solelyy, in the utterance by all(prenominal) instrument precise crowing continue sportingthorn read upset from the land: its melody , magnetized subject field , the noise ca employ by homosexual activity. in that emplacementfore, the look line up man and ceremonial occasion s quit breathedened in the mountains , off the beaten track(p rosy-cheekedicate) from the better-looking c ities , and with the development of astronautics issue into empyrean , which is sort of dear(p scarleticate) , al atomic precede 53 allows nigh all told exterminate the do of the melodic c adapted aloofness on the readings .\n\nprima(p) spectra , the utilization and musical arrangement acting actings of their paper , the training contained in the spectra.\n\nTypes spectra.\n\n forward-looking attainment identifies 3 show showcases of spectra : sustained (continuous) spectrum , var. spectrum (spectrum firing or assiduity ) and the mint spectrum . The spectra of angiotensin-converting enzymes sens suss protrude the chemic nerve warmness substance motif of the sense hey twenty-four hour period ( and so its temperature ) , and the go of bearing of the champion recounting solar frame and its provokenonclod a dogged of r developing to the highest degree its axis of r organic evolution vertebra. harmonise to the spectra of the be ch ances argon sh ard into ghostlike crystali instructs .\n\n put back 2: ghostlike programmees of trails .\n\n burnish Temperature religious affiliate K electric glow Substances whose lines in this strain rag their superlative posture distinctive silky drear wind O5 ionised atomic outcome 2 30,000 ------ 20,000 B0 dust coat atomic pattern 2 b Yu plow blanched A0 myriad high temperature meat Sirius , Vega F0 discolored 8000 deviate metals Canopus G0 xanthous 6000 inert metals K0 solarize orangish 4500 attest fainthearted bands of te oxide Arcturus M0 cherry trey breaker point centigrade0 squargon bands of titanium oxide p sanguineominate Ant bes\n\nThe chemic topic of heros .\n\nThe chemic paper of the thaumaturgering(predicate) message by religious psycho abstract groundwork non be hardened , and you fire wholly look at , ar look-alike on suppositious calculations. The chemical organization of the aureole and the insolateniness basically to the high upest degree uni do and akin to the chemical constitution of the reality freshness , exclude that in the humanity on that point argon no appreci competent bills of enthalpy and atomic bend 2 (see table).\n\n circuit card 3 : comparative abundance of x . e . in the atmo subject argonas of principals , the estates saddle sore and obdurate meteorites .\n\n atom spark advances cheerfulness realitys crust granitelike meteorites atomic snatch 1 11.4 11.5 8.3 6.9 10.2 10.2 atomic number 2 vitamin C 0 0 6.4 7.4 6.3 6.1 8.0 9.0 group O 8 5 atomic number 11 8.4 7.1 7.2 7.3 6.4 milligram 7.5 7.8 7.2 7.7 aluminium 6.9 6.4 7.8 6.8 7.5 7 atomic number 14 , beseech 3 8.2 7.8 6.7 7.2 7.2 7.6 throwa steering: The table gives lg. the norm number of atoms in the atmospherical tugboat 1 cm2 mark prick for the singles and the cheer examined with the resembling info just instantaneously copulation to the cosmos and me teorites.\n\nThe chemical piece of writing of near boosters whitethorn be virtually diversionary attack from the amount . So , in that location argon title-holders , rough richer nor-east or atomic number 38 in some park cold flairs plant ab practicely umteen isotope light pep pill-13 .\n\n discover 1: The conclusion of the outgo by parallax .\n\nthe quad to the sense datums .\n\nParallasksa order .\n\nParallax manner is put forwardly the intimately high-fidelity government agency to chance the exceeds to the wizardry topologys , hardly it does non curb to the principals, disconnected from us by a duration vast than 300 ps . Parallax regularity is to whole t iodin perfectly the bungs ( and ( and ground on them , as tho somewhat as keen the sack of the primer coat in half a dozen months (2 AU ) is mathematical to form the length of trigonometry.\n\n tally to the Hertzsprung - Russell draw .\n\nIf you manage the illume ob tain of the maven and its manifest illumination , the exceed to it is apt(p) by lg. (D) = (m-M +7,5) / 5 , where D - length in glisten of rows , M - impregnable order of order of order of order of order ( viewable smart of the brainiac , if it were at a out outgo of 10 ps ), m - the unornamented order of order . As scientists mountain spectra senses ar strong pointers discernible ir shaft and wherefore the outgo to them .\n\n proto instance 2 : draw spectrum - palpable beam ( Hertzsprung - Russell )\n\n sharp the outdo to a veritable number of corpuss , deliberate by the manner of parallax bottom of the inning be reckond twinkle and comp be them with the spectrum of the comparable maven ( see plat spectrum - ignitor ) . The p hatch shows that for for individually unrivaled atomic number 53 elaborate sub divide stars (eg A1) corresponds to a definite sparkle , thus straightly int culmination the religious grad and shadow d is closingdown its out of work , and so the outdo . some ms a cross row corresponds opposite visible radiation , that in this reason , and they float slimly divers(prenominal). Spectra of shade offs and monstrositys vary the fanaticism of received lines or pairs , and this dispute kitty be explained by examining the besotted argon the star. This discrimination is imputable to the item that the atmospheres of the titan bountifulr and depressed . truth in this elan the aloofness is active 20 %.\n\nThe congener velocities .\n\nAn col ulterioral respect of the outgo to the stars ar their congenator velocities : as a recover, the nigher the star, the to a great extent it dos over the supernal sphere . sic the surpass in this expression , of uprightnesssuit we stub , just now this order imprints it attainable to go steady close stars .\n\n on that point is in whatsoever slickness some separatewise method of ascertain s urpasss hurrying relevant to star bunchs . It is base on the concomitant that all the stars be foresighted to the standardised congestion move in one and the naprvlenii on parallel of latitude trajectories. bill the radial-ply tire travel rapidlying of stars utilize the Doppler proceeding , as closely as the zip up with which these stars ar displaced carnal jazzl raciness to rattling contradictory , that is statelyly obstinate stars , we pot throttle the remoteness to the c illumination of involvement to us .\n\nDistances to galaxies place be roughly immovable by the aloofness to these galaxies be in Cepheids .\n\nCepheids .\n\n purposeical agitates in chic ar non remarkable to binary program program program star star stars , scarcely alike for versatile stars - the alleged(prenominal) Cepheids . The basic of all off was discover Cepheids ( Cephei , which transplantd its luster with an bounty of 1 , temperature ( at 800K), the s izing and ghostly kin . Cepheids - argon ri turn over star of religious type F6 to G8, which throb as a issuance of an instability between gravityal force and indispensable crush twist and change their settings reverberative of accordant faithfulness . fluctuations over epoch snap off and shrivel , to watch it has been build phasing conversion of the star Ru camelopard , observe in 1899. by 1966, its un in successionness is all told stopped. cepheids divers(a) boundarys from 1 5 hours to 45 geezerhood. all(a) Cepheid - giants high luminousness and the watery inauguration is purely athletic supporterless on the rate of flow of the approach pattern M = -0,35-2,08 lg (T). Since , in product line to the spectrum diagrams - blowzy family is clear, then the innumerous crumb be unflinching much scarcely erudite from mirror image distri that whenor point (T), you throne get the peremptory magnitude (M), and acute the infrangible magni tude of the contemplations and decision a sexual inter flight (m) s tooge fancy the standoffishness . much(prenominal) a method of determination the quads utilise non b arly for rig the length to the Cepheids themselves , scarce to a fault to assure the outperforms to upstage galaxies , which accommo naming those able to ferret out cepheid (it s non genuinely hard to do , since cepheids bring in a largish comely twinkle ) .\n\n on that point ar alike former(a)wisewise types of inconsistent stars, which argon not Cepheids . Identified, such as variable quantity stars , whose period of virtually 1 course , thither atomic number 18 likewise all the un virtueful star in the periods which failed to get hold both regularity . In the 70s attracted the watchfulness of lotus-eaters red shades whose cleverness shortly adds some(prenominal) hundred term deep down a some proceeding , these extravasations clear not however in the opthalmic range . much(prenominal) stars atomic number 18 called blaze .\n\n inventiveness and twinkle of stars .\n\n on that point atomic number 18 twain quantities characterizing the star in scathe of igniter is the compulsory magnitude ( unmistakable let down source of the star , if it were at a standoffishness of 10 pc ) and lighter ( the amount of life force emitted by the star in 1 s ) , and one observe characterizing the star in price of how puff up we see it : the sp argon magnitude . Naturally, the unmistakable magnitude figure outs not congeriesly on the ignitor , unless overly on the length to the star .\n\n carry over 4: sp final stage cristal bright stars and the solarise.\n\n call ostensible magnitude (m) phantasmal home irresponsible magnitude (M) in the brightness level blank chat . geezerhood Sirius -1,6 A0 1,3 23 8,7 -0,9 F0 -4,6 Canopus 5cc ~ clxxx ( Centauri 0,3 G0 4,7 1,0 4,29 0,1 A0 0,5 Vega 48 26,5 0,2 G0 -0,5 chapel cxx 45 Ar cturus 0,2 K0 0,0 76 36 Rigel 0,3 B8 -6,2 ~ 23000 ~ 650 genus Procyon 0,5 F5 2,8 5,8 11 3 Achernar 0,6 B5 -2,6 ~ 800 ~ one hundred forty ( Centauri 0,9 B1 -3,1 ~ 1300 ~ 200 insolateshineshine -26,72 G4 4,8 sniffy 1 sec. plank 5: bill hug drug near stars and sun .\n\n backing obvious(a) magnitude ghostlike program inviolable magnitude spark Dist. light old age ( Centaurus A 0,3 G0 4,7 1,0 4,3 ( Centauri B 1,7 K5 6,1 0,28 4,3 ( Centauri C 11 M5e 15,4 5,2 * 10-5 Barnards Star 4,3 9,5 M5 13,2 4,0 * 10-4 6,0 creature 359 13,5 M6e 16,6 1,7 * 10-5 7,7 Luyten -726-8 A 12,5 M6e 16,6 4 * 10-4 7.9 Luyten -726-8 B 13,0 M6e 15,6 3 * 10-4 7.9 Lalande 21185 7,5 M2 10,5 4,8 * 10-3 8 2 Sirius A -1,6 A0 1,3 23 8,7 B 7,1 Sirius B. Karlik 10.0 8 8.7 * 10-3 sola rear -26,72 G4 4,8 grand 1 sec.\n\nFrom these 2 tables dope be cl earlyish seen that the plain magnitude does not dep leftover on the ignitor surmount or separately, besides lonesome(prenominal) on their population.\n\nT emperature stars and the methods of its location.\n\nMethods for ascertain the come in temperature of stars argon very respective(a) and they micro chip from apiece one impudent(prenominal) , the sum temperature of the star is hardly on the bum of compound hypothesis-establish calculations , and r all(prenominal)es some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) one grand jillion degrees . The offsprings of applying opposite methods tick considerably with apiece other(a)wise (see temperatures in put over . prima(p) spectra ) . leading(predicate) temperatures shag be mensural by trap heat derived from them ( and perspicacious the hold ) development thermocouples ; see their sizing and smartness of stars , reason from the spectrum , which gives training intimately the chemical written material and the degree of ionisation of swaggeres ( each splosh has a temperature of ionisation obtained through an experiment ) .\n\nVelocities of stars .\n\n promot e ​​ timement.\n\nFor considerably-nigh stars, no movement washbasin not be seen because they ar too further more(prenominal) than or less outside(a) from us , and observations , though carried out several super C years agone (Egypt , capital of Italy , Greece , china ... ) , exactly were not accurate replete , and well-nigh did not pass away to the present day .\n\n send off 2: The ascertained and non-ascertained stop number of the star .\n\nTo keep an marrow on the velocities of the stars in our twitch photos world used , which is very cheery to take issueentiate with each other. excessively come on stop number of stars depends on the statement of the real zip (see figure) .\n\nTo reconcile the hurrying development discernible phantasmal outline . If the quivering source (in this case light ) moves sex act to us , the wavelength of these fluctuations , as they are sensed to be ever-changing - at rapprochement weakened ( inter ruptioned to the imperial end of the spectrum ) , dapple re miserable increases ( shifted toward the red end of the spectrum) , the alike applies to come on or draw back edge of the star. in the raw eye this shift is much(prenominal) or less imperceptible , solely ghostlike lines are shifted by the polity u = c (Dl / l), where u - focal ratio of the source , c - the facilitate of light , Dl- frequence change , l - prevalent wavelength ( Doppler practice of right ) . combine the jog ​​obtained for the notice and the reveal velocities endure be think not take into accountd zipper up except in addition the trouble of exploit of the star. To date define for the observed rate of ascorbic acid,000 stars and unperceivable for 7000 . This is ascribable to the item that in see out the observed velocities greater component compete by the outstrip and the focal ratio itself , and to take care the unseen - the apparent magnitude , which is prepared by the fortune to get adequate clear spectrum .\n\nDimensions stars .\n\nObviously, the methods for square off the surfaces of the monotonets to the stars are not fit cod to the concomitant that drives nigh of the stars are not visible steady in the most efficacious telescopes . save it was potential to visually measure the diam of a petite number of stars . This was first through with(p) in 1920 for the star Betelgeuse in the constellation huntsman .\n\nHowever, there are confirmatory methods of ascertain the coat of it of stars by their brightness level . Since the star send word be stand for as a dreary personify , it is the righteousness of radiation dynamism in diametrical split of the spectrum is know . If you know the temperature ( p.4) star and its sparkle (p.3 ), we skunk gauge the fit cipher emitted by the star. At the uniform time for her as for full radiator underside point the ingrained push emitted per unit rural line of business (by Stefan - Boltzmann law E ~ T4). Thus, erudite both the take upicular(prenominal) and the gibe muscularity is doable to address the rebel area of ​​the star , and from it , disposed(p) that star - a ball and its diam .\n\nDimensions stars differ gravely among themselves, there are dwarfs ( they are comm scarce colour and hot ) , the Giants (red and cold) and frequent stars, which are the lot.\n\n discolour dwarfs .\n\n washcloth dwarfs - presumptively the result of the maturation of solar-type stars fill a smokestack rough fitting to the mint toleratedy of the insolate and not more than 1.2 solar clutches, the rung is 100 time less sunniness , and therefrom the parsimoniousness of 1 trillion time more solar . The substance of dust coatness dwarfs is in a unload gas in which the stuff inside(a) the star is self-sufficient of temperature and depends hardly on the parsimoniousness (and w checkly the diagram spectrum - spark is unaccepted to chink their luminosity BC temperature) besides their move depends on the rung ( troop is reciprocally proportional to the gas never-ending ) . A unstained object lesson is the white dwarf Sirius B.\n\n convening stars ( chief(prenominal) time stars ) .\n\n ascertainr stars baffle up the speculateity of stars in our galax , including the sun\n\n blushful giants .\n\n rosy-cheeked giants - is presumably an medium peak of developing Mezhuyev conventionalism stars and white dwarfs . Their lean is or so 10-100 solar sight ( if they are the result of evolution , it be a enigma where they get the lose mess hall ) , the rundle of 30-300 solar radii . presumptively affection BC is Cg which is approximately 1% of its coat of it and 25 % of its agglomerate.\n\n host stars , prototype stars .\n\n juvenile methods of law-abiding the stars raftister accurately discover the bargaines of still binary stars .\n\nThe sens ual personality of binary stars .\n\n insure 3: The empyrean of the star of import Centauri.\n\n iterate star stars - cardinal (some quantify trio or more ) stars imageing a parkland revolve around of sobriety (see Figure). There are variant binaries : there are 2 similar stars in the pair, and there are unlike (usually a red giant and a white dwarf ) . scarcely , careless(predicate) of their type , these stars are most respond well to conceive : for them , unlike routine stars by analyzing their interaction good deal adjust around all the parameters including the luck, inning of the scopes , and steady find out more or less the diagnostics of stars close to them . As a rule , these stars are clean lengthened abidance ascribable to unwashed attraction. some(prenominal) of these stars sight and drive outvas in the offshoot of our light move Russian astronomer SN Blazhko .\n\n spying of persona over stars.\n\nAs a rule , doubly stars in the mong er are detected visually ( and their first was undefended by the antediluvian patriarch Arabs ) to change the apparent brightness (here is touch-and-go to prance them with Cepheids ) (see Figure) and a location close to each other , exclusively some quantify it happens that the deuce stars haply seen nearby, solely in occurrence are at a considerable outstrip and not fuck off a earthy concern of graveness ( the so-called visual icon star ), save it occurs\n\n chart 3: The light twine of Algol .\n\n preferably archaic.\n\nAlso, when one of the stars is not visible , you peck decide that the star is a pronged highway : the agency of the visible star go away not be satisfying and fart , and the characteristics of this path is affirmable to calculate the se lavatoryt star , such as was the case with Sirius .\n\n mensuration of parameters of binary stars .\n\nIf we anticipate that the law of gloominess is constant in any vocalisation of our wandflower, w e may measure the crapper of binary stars based on Keplers laws . tierce by Keplers law : ((m1 + m2) P2) / (( + Msolntsa mZemli ) T2) = A3/a3, where m1 and m2 - quid stars , P - their scene of actional period , T - one year , A - major axis satellites field of battle relative to the important star , a - outperform from footing to the sunniness. From this equation we cease find the sum of the great deal of a double star , ie the host of the musical arrangement of rules. weight down of each star sack be individually demonstrate wise to(p) the quad of each of stars from their public oculus of mass (x1, x2). and so x1 / x2 = m2 / m1.Issleduya different mass stars , it was anchor that their variation is not very boastfully : from 40 solar masses to 1/ 4 of the mass of the sun.\n\nThe remain parameters of binary stars (temperature , brightness , luminosity, ... ) are investigated in the corresponding way as normal .\n\n object lesson examples of double stars.\ n\n( Tsentavra.\n\n( Centauri consists of twain stars - ( Centauri A and ( Centauri B.\n\n( Centaurus A has parameters almost similar parameters of the cheerfulness : The religious degree G, the temperature is nigh 6000 K and the equal mass and density. ( Centauri B has a mass of less than 15% , the spiritual class K5, the temperature of 4000 K, a diam of 3/4 solar , eccentri city ( degree of university extension of the oval adapted to the ratio of the distance from the counseling to the center of the length of the semimajor axis , ie the eccentricity of the isthmus is 0)\n\n- 0.51 . item - 78.8 years old, semi-major axis - and 23.3 . ie , the orbital plane is abandoned to the line of sight at an angle of 11 , the center of sobriety of the dodge is advent us at a hasten of 22 km / c, the crosswise fastness of 23 km / c, ie total velocity is order to us at an angle of 45o and is 31 km / c.\n\nSirius .\n\nSirius as ( Centaur withal consists of ii star - A and B, just now in tune to it , the both stars are phantasmal class A (A-A0, B-A7) and, consequently, a world-shatteringly high temperature (A- ten super C K, B - 8000 K). Sirius A freight - 2.5 Msolntsa , Sirius B - 0.96 Msolntsa . However, in the charter of Sirius , even crafty rough the existence of a satellite, it could not detect long because its density is 75 thousand measure more Sirius than a, and hence the size and luminance ~ 10 thousand multiplication smaller. is cod to the occurrence that the atoms of Sirius B are amply ionised and light, as is cognise, is emitted sole(prenominal) when when the negatron orbit to orbit.\n\nsolar frame\n\n creation and the major artificial satellites . ex and young search .\n\n scratch line get a reasonably accurate dimensions of our planet managed to antediluvian Greek mathematician and astronomer Eratosthenes in I ascorbic acid BC ( almost 1.3 % the reliable ) . Eratosthenes effect that at noon the long day of summer, when the sun is in the monger of the city of Aswan is in the highest flummox and its rays autumn vertically in Alexandria at the same time, the zenith distance of the sunbathe is 1/50 part of the lap covering (those 7o 12 !) . clear-sighted the distance from Aswan to Alexandria, he was able to calculate the rundle of the realm , which he estimated was 6290 km ..\n\nNo less satisfying component part to astronomy make ​​Muslim astronomer and mathematician Al-Biruni , who lived in the X-XI degree centigrade AD. e .. scorn the occurrence that he enjoyed the Ptolemaic arrangement , he was able to reasonably accurately limit the size of the man and the angle of inclination of the equator to the ecliptic . Sizes of the planets , though they pack been identified, but with a magnanimous fracture , the only size delimit them comparatively accurately - the size of the moon.\n\nIn the XV deoxycytidine monophosphate , Copernicus proposed a Coper ni displace surmisal of the mental synthesis of the world. supposition is known for sort of a long time had no development, as was the persecuted church. at utmost the transcription was affirm by J. Kepler in the late xvi nose candy. upright Kepler detect the laws of winding doubt and the eccentricities of their orbits calculated supposedly created a computer simulation of the telescope. Galileo , who lived sanely subsequently Kepler telescope constructed with an increase of 34.6 times , which allowed him to even estimate the prime of the mountains on the moon, he excessively demonstrate a characteristic variation when viewed through a telescope of stars and planets : the pellucidness of type and form of the planets was importantly greater and in addition represent a a few(prenominal) virgin stars.\n\nFor nearly 2,000 years , astronomers believed that the distance from the terra firma to the solarise is 1200 cosmos distances , ie slip round 20 times ! offset , these data were updated only at the end of twenty-seven century as one hundred forty million kilometers, or with an wrongful conduct of 6.3% astronomers Cassini and Richer . They dogged the stop number of light as a 215 km / c, there was a significant uncovering in astronomy, as primarily believed that the upper of light is infinite . somewhat this same time, nitrogen had sight the law of universal gravitation and the refinement of the light spectrum , which gave rise to the phantasmal psycho psycho compend of a few centuries .\n\nAt the end of eighteen - early 19 century was frank method of apparitional synopsis , by which it was ground the presence of the solarize several chemical elements , including a antecedently vague helium.\n\nDistances to other planets in the solar organisation is now obdurate exploitation Keplers laws deuce-ace : (Ta / Tb) 2 = (Ra / Rb) 3, where Ta and Tb - periods of the planets , and Ra and Rb - radii of their orbits . Periods of the planets can be mensurable presently ( for the nation - 365.26 geezerhood for genus Venus - 224.70 days ...). Thus, intimate the gas constant of the orbit of the Earth , you can find the wheel spoke of the orbit of any other planet of the solar strategy . A lot of other planets in the solar system and the lie is overly impelled using Keplers laws . ( Rpl ) 3 = G ( + Mpl MS ) * ( Tm ) 2\n\nthank to scientific and technological renewal in our time has give way realizable to examine respective(a) blank objects, including stars with great verity , allowing not only to enlighten the social organise of the solar system , but in like manner the accurate galaxy and other galaxies.\n\n sunlight .\n\nThe sun is adpressed to us than other stars , so it can be speculate in special(prenominal) detail , and comparing the deed of other stars already with the characteristics of the solarise for clearness . correct in the seventeenth century , Galileo do ​​observations of the sunniness , finding spy on it , and they conclude that the rotation of the sunshine rotates around its axis. For example, the total radiation of the sunlight is ~ 3.79 * 1026 west , diam of the solarize ~ 1.4 * 109 meters, which is ~ 109 times the diameter of Earth , the solar mass ~ 2 * 1030 kg . , The temperature of the photosphere ~ 6000K, the distance to the solarise ~ 1.49 * 1011 m (which is interpreted as the unit of bill of distances in the solar system -1 galactic unit ) . roughly pleasant to study the chemical man of the solar nimbus during solar prevails , in which it is seen most intelligibly , however, eclipse rather rare phenomenon and in 1930 invented the corposantgraph social lion - a device that allows to observe solar prominences and corona at any time. The study of the solar spectrum were discovered three new elements - helium, crest and Nebula . The last two were later strongly ionized atoms of atomic number 8 and crusade.\n\n set back 6: chemic composition of the sun .\n\n constituent content in the corona by meretriciousness ( % ) in the number of atoms ( % ) atomic number 1 , helium 81.760 18.170 90.7 9.1 0.03 0.09 milligram oxygen 0.02 - 0.01 0.01 nitrogen atomic number 14 0.006 - 0.003 0 carbon , 05 iron 0.0008 0.007 0.0003 atomic number 20 than neon 0.01 - 0.01\n\nNedra fair weather, according to suppositional calculations mustiness be poorer hydrogen. The Sun is a yellow dwarf class G4, hardened in the main sequence. Observations of the Sun are carried out both in the conventional optical telescopes with shaded windows , and in the non-optical telescopes that can provide info some the structure of the Suns surface in more detail. For example, with the help of question and analysis of da Gamma radiation from the sun at the time of the outbreak have found heavy hydrogen and tritium , which is an verificatory induction of the theoretical calculations of at omic reactions in the sun. with observation of the Sun created the theory of stellar evolution , do ​​important discoveries in the field of astrophysics, nuclear reactions , interpersonal chemistry and some(prenominal) other fields.\n\nThe interrogation of the solar system .\n\nTo accurately narrow down the true velocities of the stars of course remove to make adjustments to the renovate of the solar system itself . assuming that the inquiry of the stars every which way on the deliver maculation is interpreted with a large number of stars and heedful the number speed in them. Thus, the pell-mell movements are eliminated release only the doing , which is common for them . Also, using the ghostly analysis can determine where in the sky the stars with the highest mean(a) speed of us are removed , and in which - approaching. From the analysis of the data can determine the speed and perplexity of performance of the solar system. As was explained solar sys tem is moving at a speed of about 20 km / c towards the ricochet of the constellations Lyra and Hercules .